Table 2.

Active mechanical stimuli experienced by endothelial cells (ECs) under hemodynamic conditions modulate cell behavior and function

Mechanical Stimulus	Cell Type	Stimulus Parameters	Results	Reference
Shear flow	Bovine aortic EC	1.52 Pa, unidirectional, laminar	Elongation and orientation along flow direction, stress fiber formation	[58]
Shear flow	Bovine aortic EC	2 Pa, unidirectional or alternating directions with 30min interval	Cytoskeletal reorganization precedes alignment, periodically alternating flow reduces alignment	[56]
Shear flow	Bovine aortic EC	Turbulent, 0.15 Pa check	Cell rounding, DNA synthesis, monolayer gap formation	[60]
Shear flow	Human umbilical vein EC	Disturbed flow in step channel: stress fluctuations and high shear gradients	Cell rounding, DNA synthesis	[61]
Shear flow	Bovine aortic EC	Oscillatory flow, 1Hz, 0.05 ± 0.4 Pa	Intermittent VE-cadherin along cell junctions	[62]
Shear flow	Human umbilical vein EC	Unidirectional, laminar, 0.72 Pa	Nucleus pushed downstream, cells polarized against flow	[64]
Stretch	Bovine capillary EC	Static 15% strain	Calcium influx within 5 seconds of stretch, SA channel activation of PI3K and 1 integrins leading to reorganization	[102]
Stretch	Bovine aortic EC	7 and 24% cyclic stretch, 1Hz	Phosphorylation and redistribution of focal adhesion kinase and vinculin with strain leading to alignment perpendicular to stretch	[101]
Stretch	Human aortic EC	10% cyclic stretch	Alignment along direction of minimal substrate deformation (i.e. perpendicular to uniaxial stretch or 70 degrees from direction of simple elongation)	[99]
Stretch	Bovine aortic EC	6–10 and 20% cyclic stretch, 1 Hz	Increased TNF-α-mediated cell death for 20% strain	[100]
Stretch	Human umbilical vein EC	10 and 20% cyclic stretch, 1 Hz	Increased TNF-α production with stretch, increased MMP-2 and MMP-14 levels with 20% stretch	[95]
Stretch	Human umbilical vein EC	7% cyclic stretch	Enhanced directional migration, sprout formation, and production of angiogenic factors	[163]