Table 1.

Description of prospective cohort studies on 100% fruit juice and dental health.

References	Cohort	Age at baseline	Follow-up duration	Dental assessment measure	Oral health factors addressed	Analysis approach	Dietary assessment	100% Fruit juice details	Funding	NOS rating
EROSION
Warren et al. (23)	Iowa Fluoride Study, USA	Birth	5 y	Evaluation of tooth impressions by one examiner using published criteria, with independent examination of subsample by second examiner	None reported	t-test, bivariate Chi-square and Pearson analyses. No confounders included.	Diet diaries every 1–6 mo assessed for consumption events/d	100% FJ identified separately from other beverages and fruit drinks	Not reported	Good
Dugmore and Rock (24)*	Leicestershire Schools, UK	12 y	2 y	Trained and calibrated examiner scored prevalence of erosion, including area and depth of lesions	Tooth cleaning, gingival health, plaque index, calculus	Multifactorial analysis adjusted for all variables, paired and unpaired t-test, where appropriate, Chi-squared test for strength of associations	Questionnaire, details not provided	Reported FJ, with separate category for “fizzy pop,” details not provided	Not reported	Poor
El Aidi et al. (25)*	Netherlands	10–12 y	3 y	Two trained and calibrated examiners scored incidence and progression of erosion	Tooth brushing, tooth grinding, swishing, straw use, plaque, salivary flow, pH	Multivariate analysis, unadjusted but included assessment of interaction of food/drink, tooth grinding, and dietary habits	FFQ	Reported as FJ with a separate category for carbonated soft drinks, details on inclusion of fruit drinks vs. 100% juice not provided	Industry & University Grant funding	Good
CARIES AND MINERALIZATION
Marshall et al. (26, 27)	Iowa Fluoride Study, USA	Birth	5 y	Caries assessed by duplicate examinations from trained examiners; inter-rater variability assessed and reported	None reported	Multivariate, included time/age, dentition type, fluoride intake	Diet diaries every 1-6 mo assessed for consumption events/d	100% FJ identified separately from other beverages and fruit drinks	Government Grant Funding	Good Poor
Lim et al. (28)	Detroit Dental Health Project, USA	Up to 5 y	2 y	Single exam per subject by one of four dentists trained and assessed for reliability with the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)	Tooth brushing, dental visits, caregiver oral health	Adjusted for sample weights and controlled for child's age, total sugar intake, baseline caries, and caregiver's oral health behaviors; Imputed values for missing numbers	Trained interviewers used the 2000 Block Kids FFQ	3 beverage categories: 100% FJ, milk, and soft drinks, which included fruit drinks	Government Grant Funding	Good
Chankanka et al. (29)	Iowa Fluoride Study, USA	1.5 mo	5, 9, and 13 y	Caries assessed by duplicate examinations from trained examiners; inter-rater variability assessed and reported	Fluoride exposure, tooth brushing frequency	Multivariate, included time/age/ dentition type, SES, and oral health factors	Diet diaries every 1–6 mo assessed for consumption events/d	100% FJ identified separately from other beverages and fruit drinks	Not reported	Poor
Ghazal et al. (20)	Alabama High-Caries Risk African-American Children, USA	1 y	3 y	Oral exams conducted by one of three calibrated dentists with assessment of inter- and intra-examiner reliability	Tooth brushing, provided oral hygiene kit, fluoride	Multivariate analysis with adjustment for age	Caregivers answered detailed questionnaire	100% juice assessed separately from other beverages	Government Grant Funding	Fair

d, day; FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; FJ, fruit juice; mo, months; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; SES, socio-economic status; y, years.

^*Despite unclear description of fruit juice, these studies have been included in a previous meta-analysis (14) and were categorized as providing “natural fruit juice.”