Table 3.
Description of randomized controlled trials on 100% fruit juice and tooth erosion.
| References | Country | Trial design | Duration | Subjects | Age | Sex | Erosion assessment | Control/ comparator* | 100% Fruit juice intervention | Results* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dever et al. (21) | New Zealand | Crossover | 12 d (10 d exposure, 2 rest) per each test | N = 8 (5 completed) Dentistry School staff | nr | nr | In situ, intra-oral appliance, plaque allowed to accumulate; Knoop microhardness, X-ray | 200 mL swished and expectorated Sweetened, strawberry-flavored milk drink |
200 mL swished and expectorated Apple-based orange-and-mango pure FJ |
Knoop microhardness change after 5 d: Milk: −0.2 mcM (SD 1.8) mcM, ns from baseline. 100% FJ: −10.8 mcM (SD 5.0) mcM, P < 0.01 |
| West et al. (30) | UK | Crossover Randomized Single-blind |
15 working d; 2.5 d washout | N = 10 Adults, healthy and dentally fit | Mean: 24 y (20–30 y) | 60% F | In situ intra-oral appliance, measured with surfometer, Wallace Micro- Indentation Tester | 250 mL sipped over 10 min 4x/d: Water |
250 mL sipped over 10 min 4x/d: OJ (pH, 3.74; 0.87% w/v titratable acidity) |
Change in surface enamel loss at 15 d (between group P < 0.002): Control: +0.018 (SD 0.04) mcM 100% FJ: −2.69 (SD 0.49) mcM Surface microhardness mean (SD) unexposed vs. exposed Wallace Hardness Unit: Control: 49.9 (4.1) vs. 50.1 (4.3), P = 0.82 100% FJ: 48.3 (3.4) vs. 50.5 (3.5), P = 0.002 Exposed-unexposed difference greater for OJ than water, P = 0.049 |
| Hughes et al. (31) | UK | Crossover Randomized Single-blind |
15 working d; 2.5 d washout | N = 12 Adults, healthy and dentally fit | Mean: 27.5 y (20-34 y) | 83% F | In situ intra-oral appliance, measured with surfometer | 250 mL sipped over 10 min 4x/d: Water (pH 7.8, 29 ppm Ca) |
250 mL sipped over 10 min 4x/d OJ (Sainsbury, UK; pH 3.8, 70 ppm Ca) |
Mean (SD) enamel at 0, 5, 10, 15 d: Water: −0.19 (0.05), −0.07 (0.10), −0.02 (0.19), 0.00 (0.16) mcM; OJ:- 0.17 (0.09), −0.74 (0.33), −1.29 (0.38), −2.37 (1.11) mcM OJ significantly greater enamel loss than water at all timepoints (P = 0.001) |
| West et al. (32) | UK | Crossover Randomized Single-blind |
15 working d; 2.5 d washout | N = 12 Adults, healthy and dentally fit | Mean: 26.7 y (20-39 y) | 92% F | In situ intra-oral appliance, measured with surfometer | 250 mL sipped over 10 min 4x/d: Water (pH 7.8, 29 ppm Ca) |
250 mL sipped over 10 min 4x/d OJ (Del Monte, UK; pH 3.95, 167 ppm Ca) |
Mean (SD) enamel at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 d: Water: −0.05 (0.09), −0.08 (0.20), −0.10 (0.14),−0.10 (0.11), −0.05 (0.15) mcM; OJ: −0.52 (0.26),– 0.82 (0.46), −1.18 (0.76), −1.35 (0.52), −1.70 (0.70) mcM OJ significantly greater enamel loss than water at all timepoints P < 0.001 |
| Hughes et al. (33) | UK | Crossover Randomized Single-blind |
12 d (10 working d exposure, 2 d rest); 2.5 d washout |
N = 12 Adults with a high level of oral hygiene and no excessive tooth wear | Mean: 22.5 y (22–42 y) | nr | In situ intra-oral appliance, scanning force microscopy, softened enamel by ultrasound Eisenberg removal | 250 mL sipped over 10 min 4x/d at 0900, 1100, 1400, 1500 h: water (7.83 pH, 9.9 mg/L Ca) |
250 mL sipped over 10 min 4x/d at 0900, 1100, 1400, 1500 h: OJ (3.3) pH, 120 mg/L Ca |
Mean (SD) erosion depths at 2, 5, 10 d: Water: 0.10 (0.12), 0.05 (0.12), 0.18 (0.13) mcM; OJ: 0.19 (0.25), 0.53 (0.60), 2.03 (2.26) mcM; Mean (SD) softening at days 5 and 10: Water: 0.13 (0.48), 0.15 (0.65); OJ: 0.69 (1.06), 2.02 (2.90) |
| Finke et al. (34) | UK | Crossover Randomized Single-blind |
5 d | N = 12 Adults | 18–60 y | 50% F | In situ, intra-oral appliance, Atomic force microscopy | 4 ×250 mL sipped over 10 min: Mineral water (Danone) |
4 ×250 mL sipped over 10 min: OJ (Sunny Delight™, Gerber) |
Mean (SD) pellicle layer thickness at 2, 5 d: Water 120 (70) and 180 (40) nM; OJ: 170 (90) and 200 (50) nM Significantly greater pellicle layer with OJ compared to water. |
*
Only results for the 100% FJ and water or no intervention controls are shown. Data on juice drinks and other beverages are not in provided herein.
Ca, calcium; d, day; F, female; FJ, fruit juice; h, hour; L, liter; mcM, micrometer; mg, milligram; min, minute; mL. milliliter; OJ, orange juice; N, subject number; nM, nanometer; ns, not significant; ppm, parts per million; SD, standard deviation; w/v, weight/volume; y, year.