Table 4.
Description of randomized controlled trials on 100% fruit juice and caries.
| References | Country | Trial design | Duration | Subjects | Age | Sex | Caries assessment | Control/ comparator* | 100% Fruit juice intervention | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tenovuo and Rekola (35) | Finland | Crossover | 2-wk test periods; 1-wk washout | N = 39 generally healthy, dentally fit dental students | 18–23 y | 46% F | Assessed salivary flow rate (mL/min) by time needed for collection of stimulated (8 mL) and unstimulated (2 mL) whole saliva, and plaque indices | Ad libitum at least 5x/d non-fluoridated water |
Ad libitum at least 5.62 (SD 1.28)x/d: OJ (pH, 3.5; citric acid, 800 mg/100 mL; vit C, 40 mg/mL; total sugars,10 g/100 mL; caffeine, 0; fluoride, 0.009 mg/100 mL). |
Immediately after consumption and at 10 min, OJ salivary flow and pH were greater than water (P < 0.05), with resolution occurring by 30 min (ns), but no difference was noted in this response after chronic (2-wk) consumption of the beverages. Oral fluid concentrations of calcium, phosphate, lactate, and fluoride, and plague lactate were not different. |
| Jensen et al. (36) | USA | Crossover | 2 wk per test | N = 15 healthy adults | Mean: 36 y (F) and 38 y (M) | 47% F | Intra-oral appliance with caries-like lesions and acid-resistant varnish, remineralization assessed by microradiography | No snacks | 8 oz consumed 3x/d: OJ (Kemps, Marigold Foods) 8 oz. AJ (Speas Farms, Sundor Brands) |
OJ resulted in enamel demineralization, but remineralization in dentin. AJ showed demineralization in both enamel and dentin. Authors in abstract indicate OJ led to remineralization in enamel, whereas AJ results in caries progression in enamel and dentin. |
| Issa et al. (37) | UK | Crossover | 10-d test period; 7-d washout | N = 10 adults, dentally fit with normal salivary function | Mean: 37.2 y | 40% F | Intra-oral appliance allowing for plaque development, mineralization of white spot lesion measured with microradiography | 35 g over 7 events/d Positive control: 10% sucrose Negative control: 10% sorbitol |
35 g juiced over 7 events/d Apples (13.72% total sugars); Oranges (6.29% total sugars); Grapes (14.97% total sugars); Tomatoes (2.85% total sugars) |
Baseline DMFS 28.8, Significant demineralization with juices of tomatoes, apples, oranges, and grapes (P < 0.05). No difference between these fruits and the positive control, or when consumed as solid food or as juice. No significant demineralization was found with sorbitol. |
*
Only results for the 100% FJ and water or no intervention controls are shown. Data on juice drinks and other beverages are not in provided herein.
AJ, apple juice; d, day; DMFS, decayed, missing, filled surfaces; F, female; h, hour; L, liter; M, male; mg, milligram; min, minute; mL. milliliter; N, subject number; ns, not significant; OJ, orange juice; oz, ounce; vit, vitamin; wk, week; SD, standard deviation; y, year.