Figure 2.

The interaction between mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) and chloroplasts, and the potential signalling pathways for AOX induction under biotic stress. Infection with pathogens could activate the expression of AOX by salicylic acid (SA), nitric oxide (NO), methyl jasmonate (JAME) (or jasmonic acid, JA) or ethylene (ET) signalling pathways. H₂O₂ produced from cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisome, and even from the pathogens themselves, has a potential function in inducing the expression of AOX during pathogen–plant interaction. There could exist a complex cross‐talk between these signalling pathways for the induction of AOX. OAA, oxaloacetic acid.