Developmental stages in Phelipanche ramosa parasitizing tomato plants: (a) stage III, growing tubercle (Tub.III); (b) stage IV, tubercle (Tub.IV) bearing the growing subterranean shoot (S.IV); (c) stage V, tubercle (Tub.V) bearing the emerged flowering shoot. Apical part of the flowering shoot is growing (FS.V) and bears fruits containing developing seeds (F.V). Basal part (Bp.V) does not bear flowers and is larger and more fibrous than the flowering shoot. HR, host roots (tomato). Bar, 1 cm.