Figure 1.

Biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutants for the respective genes used in this study (with the exception of fls and tt3) are given. Transgenic plants overexpressing MYB12 (myb12‐OX) and a knockout in the same gene (myb12‐KO) were also studied. C4H, cinnamic acid 4‐hydroxylase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; CHS, chalcone synthase; 4CL, 4‐coumarate‐CoA ligase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; F3H, flavanone‐3‐hydroxylase; F3′H, flavonoid‐3′‐hydroxylase; F3′5′H, flavonoid‐3′,5′‐hydroxylase; FLS, flavonol synthase; LDOX/ANS, anthocyanin synthase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonium lyase; UF3GT, flavonol‐3‐O‐glucosyltransferase.