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. 2009 Apr 21;10(4):563–577. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00548.x

Table 2.

Functional analysis (knock‐out) of potential Claviceps purpurea virulence genes.

Gene product Gene Impact on pathogenicity Other defects Reference
Cellobiohydrolase cpcel1 None Müller et al. (1997)
Endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase cpxyl1 None J. Scheffer et al., WWU Muenster, unpublished data
Endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase cpxyl2 Slight delay of colonization J. Scheffer et al., WWU Muenster, unpublished data
cpxyl1/cpxyl2 Slight delay of colonization J. Scheffer et al., WWU Muenster, unpublished data
Polygalacturonases cppg1/cppg2 Non‐pathogenic Oeser et al. (2002)
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase cpsod1 Reduced growth rate Moore et al. (2002)
Catalase cpcat1 None Garre et al. (1998)
NADPH oxidase cpnox1 Significant reduction of virulence Giesbert et al. (2008)
NADPH oxidase cpnox2 Increase of virulence/honeydew formation No ripe sclerotia D. Buttermann et al., unpublished data
Multicopper oxidase cpmco1 None S. Moore et al., WWU Muenster, unpublished data
Transcription factor cptf1 Significant reduction of virulence Reduction of catalase activity Nathues et al. (2004)
MAPK cpmk1 Non‐pathogenic Mey et al. (2002b)
MAPK cpmk2 Significant reduction of virulence Defective in conidiation and cell wall structure Mey et al. (2002a)
Serine/threonine kinase cpcot1 Non‐pathogenic Cell shape and branching strongly affected Scheffer et al. (2005a)
Small GTPase cpcdc42 Non‐pathogenic Hyperbranching, hypersporulation Scheffer et al. (2005b)
Small GTPase rac Non‐pathogenic Cell shape and branching strongly affected Rolke and Tudzynski (2008)
PAK kinase cla4 Non‐pathogenic Cell shape and branching strongly affected Rolke and Tudzynski (2008)
Pentahydrophobin cpph1 None Mey et al. (2003)
Histidine kinase cphk1 Reduction of virulence (conidia only) Significantly reduced germination rate, increased resistance to menadione Nathues et al. (2007)
Stretch‐activated ion channel cpmid1 Non‐pathogenic Increased sensitivity to cell wall stress J. Bormann and P. Tudzynski, unpublished data
Subunit involved in non‐homologous end‐joining ku70 Haarmann et al. (2008)

GTPase, guanosine triphosphatase; MAPK, mitogen‐activated protein kinase; NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; PAK, p21‐activated kinase.