Table 1.
A comparison of the facial configurations listed as the expressions of selected emotion categories
| Proposed Expressive Configurations Described as Facial Action Units | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotion Category | Matsumoto, Keltner, Shiota, O’Sullivan & Frank (2008) |
Cordaro, Sun, Keltner, Kamble, Huddar & McNeil (2017) |
Keltner et al. (in press) | Physical Description | ||
| Darnin’s (1872) Description | Observed in reseearch | Reference Configuration Used | International Core Pattern | |||
| Amusement | Not listed | Not listed | 6, 12, 26 or 27, 55 or 56, a “head bounce” (Shiota, Campos & Keltner, 2003) | 6, 7, 12, 16, 25, 26 or 27, 53 | 6+7+12+25+26+53 | Head back, Duchenne smile (6, 7, 12), lips separated, jaw dropped |
| Anger | 4+ 5+ 24+ 38 | 4 + 5 or 7 +22+23+24 | 4 +5 + 7 + 23 (Ekman, Levenson & Friesen, 1983) | 4, 7 | 4+5+17+23+24 | Brows furrowed, eyes wide, lips tightened and pressed together |
| Awe | Not listed | Not listed | 1, 5, 26 or 27, 57 and visible inhalation (Shiota et al., 2003) | 1, 2, 5, 12, 25, 26 or 27, 53 | Not listed | |
| Contempt | 9+ 10+ 22+ 41+ 61 or 62 | 12 (unilateral) + 14 (unilateral) | 12 + 14 (Ekman et al., 1983) | 4, 14, 25 | Not listed | |
| Disgust | 10+ 16+ 22+ 25 or 26 | 9 or 10, 25 or 26 | 9+15+16 (Ekman et al., 1983) | 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 25, 26 or 27 | 7+9+19+25+26 | Eyes narrowed, nose wrinkled, lips parted, jaw dropped, tongue show |
| Embarrassment | Not listed | Not listed | 12, 24, 51, 54, 64 (Keltner & Buswell, 1997) | 6, 7, 12, 25, 54, participant dampens smile with 23, 24, frown, etc.) | 7+12+15+52+54+64 | Eyelids narrowed, controlled smile, head turned and down, (not scored with FACS: hand touches face) |
| Fear | 1+2+5+20 | 1+2+4+5+20, 25 or 26 | 1+2+4+5+7+20+26 (Ekman et al., 1983) | 1, 2, 5, 7, 25, 26 or 27, participant suddenly shifts entire body backwards in chair | 1+2+4+5+7+20+25 | Eyebrows raised and pulled together, upper eyelid raised, lower eyelid tense, lips parted and stretched |
| Happiness | 6+12 | 6 + 12 | 6+12 (Ekman et al., 1983) | 6, 7, 12, 16, 25, 26 or 27 | 6+7+12+25+26 | Duchenne smile (6, 7, 12) |
| Pride | Not listed | Not listed | 6, 12, 24, 53, a straightening of the back and pulling back of the shoulders to expose the chest (Shiota et al., 2003) | 7, 12, 53, participant sits up straight | 53+64 | Head up, eyes down |
| Sadness | 1 + 15 | 1+15, 4,17 | 1+4+5 (Ekman et al., 1983) | 4, 43, 54 | 1+4+6+15+17 | Brows knitted, eyes slightly tightened, lip corners depressed, lower lip raised |
| Shame | Not listed | Not listed | 54, 64 (Keltner & Buswell, 1997) | 4, 17, 54 | 54+64 | Head down, eyes down |
| Surprise | 1+ 2 + 5+ 25 or 26 | 1+2+5+25 or 26 | 1+2+5+26 (Ekman et al., 1983) | 1, 2, 5, 25, 26 or 27 | 1+2+5+25+26 | Eyebrows raised, upper eyelid raised, lips parted, jaw dropped |
Note. Darwin’s description taken from Matsumoto et al. (2008), Table 13.1. International core patterns (ICPs) refer to expressions of 22 emotion categories that are thought to be conserved across cultures, taken from Cordaro et al. (2017), Tables 4, 5 and 6. A plus sign means “with”; these action units would appear simultaneously. A comma means “sometimes with”; these action units are statistically the most probable to appear, but do not necessarily need to happen simultaneously (David Cordaro, personal communication, 11/11/2018).