Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 19.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Nutr. 2017 Aug 21;37:51–76. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064916

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic of direct and indirect signaling functions of the ketone body BHB. Indirect signaling functions require catabolism to other molecules, whereas direct signaling functions are actions of BHB itself. The major downstream effects of signaling functions are noted. Abbreviations: BHB, β-hydroxybutyrate; CoA, coenzyme A; FFAR3, free fatty acid receptor 3; GABA, γ-amino-butyric acid; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HCAR2, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; VGLUT, vesicular glutamate transporter.