Table 1.
Antifouling ligands currently reported to protect UNMNPs in vivo from rapid MPS sequestration and enable efficient renal clearance
| Surface ligand | Molecular structure | Hydrodynamic diameter | Liver accumulation | Renal clearance | Representative reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based |  |
~5.5nm | ~4% ID/g (24h p.i.) | >50% ID (24h p.i.) | Ref. [233] |
| Glutathione (GSH) |  |
~3.3nm | ~4% ID/g (24h p.i.) | >50% ID (24h p.i.) | Ref. [233] |
| Cysteinylglycine (Gly-Cys) |  |
~3.1nm | ~ 1.2 ID/g (24h p.i.) | ~42% ID (24h p.i.) | Ref. [231] |
| Lipoic acid-based Sulfobetaine |  |
~5nm | – | ~70% ID (3hp.i.) | Ref. [231] |
| Dithiolated polyaminocarboxylate (DTDTPA) |
 |
~6.6nm | ~6% ID/g (24h p.i.) | ~60% ID (24h p.i.) | Ref. [257] |