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| Na+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | Cl– | SO42– | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| seawater (mM) | 477.5 | 10.8 | 58.9 | 11.1 | 512.1 | 31.5 |
| dilute solution (charging, mM) | 291.5 ± 8.6 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 56.7 ± 1.2 | 9.8 ± 0.3 | 314.8 ± 13.9 | 27.8 ± 0.9 |
| dilute solution (discharging, mM) | 283.1 ± 15.5 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 56.5 ± 1.8 | 10.2 ± 0.3 | 310.1 ± 15.6 | 28.2 ± 1.2 |
| ion removal (average, mM) | 190.2 | 9.7 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 199.7 | 3.5 |
| ion removal (average, %) | 39.9 | 90.1 | 4.5 | 10.5 | 39.0 | 11.0 |
