. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 19.

Published in final edited form as: Sociol Race Ethn (Thousand Oaks). 2016 May 9;3(1):50–67. doi: 10.1177/2332649216647748

Table 3.

Nested Hierarchical Linear Models for Total Expenditures, 2013 to 2015.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Black	−0.211^***	−0.239^***	−0.173^***	−0.133^***	−0.140^***
	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.019)	(0.018)	(0.018)
middle Income × Black	0.045	0.075^*	0.026	0.023	0.018
	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.028)	(0.027)	(0.026)
Top Income × Black	−0.004	0.045	0.013	0.031	0.029
	(0.039)	(0.037)	(0.034)	(0.032)	(0.032)
Middle income	0.551^***	0.436^***	0.174^***	0.150^***	0.146^***
	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.014)
Top income	1.182^***	0.965^***	0.462^***	0.372^***	0.346^***
	(0.013)	(0.015)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.019)
Married with children		−0.024	−0.020	−0.023	−0.030^*
		(0.017)	(0.016)	(0.015)	(0.015)
Single parent		−0.133^***	−0.106^***	−0.089^***	−0.106^***
		(0.024)	(0.022)	(0.021)	(0.021)
Single		−0.226^***	−0.217^***	−0.211^***	−0.228^***
		(0.015)	(0.014)	(0.013)	(0.013)
Other household		−0.127^***	−0.094^***	−0.073^***	−0.086^***
		(0.016)	(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.015)
Number of adults		0.057^***	0.054^***	0.042^***	0.037^***
		(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)
Number of children		0.049^***	0.049^***	0.034^***	0.037^***
		(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
>64 years old		0.032^*	0.036^*	0.029^*	0.029^*
		(0.016)	(0.015)	(0.014)	(0.014)
Age		0.013^***	0.011^***	0.007^***	0.006^***
		(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Age squared		−0.000^***	−0.000^***	−0.000^***	−0.000^***
		(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Income (log)			0.152^***	0.133^***	0.125^***
			(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Number of earners			0.013	0.009	0.013
			(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.007)
High school			0.165	0.107	0.070
			(0.163)	(0.154)	(0.151)
Some college			0.280	0.191	0.149
			(0.163)	(0.154)	(0.151)
Bachelor’s degree			0.402^*	0.294	0.237
			(0.163)	(0.154)	(0.151)
Graduate degree			0.486^**	0.367^*	0.307^*
			(0.164)	(0.155)	(0.151)
Administrative support, sales			−0.060^***	−0.053^***	−0.050^***
			(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Service			−0.057^***	−0.042^***	−0.040^***
			(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.011)
Operator, assembler			−0.057^***	−0.044^***	−0.031^*
			(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)
Precision production and craft			0.074^*	0.078^*	0.080^*
			(0.034)	(0.033)	(0.033)
Not employed			−0.161^***	−0.140^***	−0.142^***
			(0.015)	(0.015)	(0.015)
Assets (log)				0.018^***	0.018^***
				(0.001)	(0.001)
Number of rooms				0.038^***	0.041^***
				(0.002)	(0.002)
Own (no mortgage)				−0.126^***	−0.118^***
				(0.011)	(0.011)
Rent				−0.034^**	−0.049^***
				(0.012)	(0.012)
Other				−0.369^***	−0.376^***
				(0.028)	(0.028)
Urban					−0.005
					(0.022)
1.2 million to 4 million					−0.170^***
					(0.038)
0.33 million to 1.19 million					−0.187^***
					(0.044)
125,000 to 329,000					−0.169^***
					(0.024)
<125,000					−0.183^**
					(0.069)
Midwest					−0.050^*
					(0.021)
South					−0.094^***
					(0.019)
West					−0.011
					(0.020)
2014	0.028^***	0.030^***	0.032^***	0.033^***	0.034^***
	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.005)
2015	0.013	0.018	0.021	0.025^*	0.026^*
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)
var(μ_j)	0.196	0.175	0.142	0.123	0.116
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.002)
var(ε_ij)	0.099	0.099	0.099	0.099	0.099
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
R²	0.464	0.503	0.562	0.598	0.610
BIC	31,220	30,433	29,020	27,927	27,715
n	26,654	26,654	26,654	26,654	26,654

Note. Standard errors are in parentheses.

Population × Region interactions are included but not shown.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.