Table 11.

Decomposing Minority Outcome Gaps among Boys Using More Channels

	Outcome without School Fixed Effects			Outcome with School Fixed Effects
	PVT	MGPA	LWAGE	PVT	MGPA	LWAGE
		A. Blacks
Mother’s characteristics, not race	−.102**	−.020	−.027	−.067**	−.006	−.022
	(.030)	(.028)	(.022)	(.024)	(.027)	(.022)
	[.119]	[.048]	[.106]	[.079]	[.016]	[.085]
Mother’s race	−.570**	−.436	−.174*	−.385**	−.375**	−.175*
	(.121)	(.104)	(.102)	(.116)	(.106)	(.107)
	[.667]	[1.065]	[.686]	[.450]	[.917]	[.693]
Father’s characteristics	−.051	−.015	−.024	−.029	.028	−.033
	(.041)	(.039)	(.027)	(.037)	(.038)	(.027)
	[.060]	[.038]	[.096]	[.034]	[−.069]	[.130]
Add Health HOME score	−.002	.007	.005	−.005	.011	.006
	(.009)	(.011)	(.004)	(.010)	(.010)	(.005)
	[.002]	[−.018]	[−.021]	[.006]	[−.027]	[−.022]
Time use—mom	−.024	.008	−.013*	−.024**	.000	−.011
	(.015)	(.015)	(.007)	(.011)	(.011)	(.008)
	[.029]	[−.020]	[.051]	[.028]	[.000]	[.043]
Time use—child	−.020	−.021	−.016	−.007	−.014*	−.025
	(.018)	(.009)	(.011)	(.009)	(.009)	(.023)
	[.023]	[.051]	[.063]	[.008]	[.034]	[.098]
Birth mechanisms	−.047**	−.013	−.018*	−.042**	−.007	−.015
	(.010)	(.011)	(.009)	(.010)	(.011)	(.010)
	[.055]	[.031]	[.070]	[.049]	[.017]	[.058]
Parenting discussions	−.001	−.042	−.016	−.003	−.049**	−.018
	(.023)	(.027)	(.016)	(.019)	(.025)	(.016)
	[.001]	[.104]	[.064]	[.003]	[.120]	[.071]
School fixed effects	…	…	…	−.160**	−.166**	.009
				(.056)	(.048)	(.037)
				[.187]	[.405]	[−.037]
Total	−.816**	−.531**	−.283**	−.721**	−.579**	−.283**
	(.130)	(.104)	(.098)	(.105)	(.106)	(.099)
	[.955]	[1.298]	[1.116]	[.843]	[1.414]	[1.118]
Basline gap	−.855**	−.409**	−.253**	−.855**	−.409**	−.253**
	(.073)	(.051)	(.041)	(.073)	(.051)	(.041)
	B. Hispanics
Mother’s characteristics, not race	−.187**	−.020	−.067**	−.147**	−.016	−.052**
	(.029)	(.028)	(.018)	(.023)	(.019)	(.017)
	[.228]	[.086]	[.953]	[.179]	[.068]	[.743]
Mother’s race	−.386**	−.436	.005	−.353**	−.129*	−.042
	(.096)	(.104)	(.062)	(.088)	(.078)	(.065)
	[.471]	[1.909]	[−.068]	[.431]	[.567]	[.591]
Father’s characteristics	−.071**	−.015	−.042**	−.062*	.052	−.040*
	(.033)	(.039)	(.020)	(.037)	(.030)	(.022)
	[.087]	[.068]	[.591]	[.076]	[−.229]	[.567]
Add Health HOME score	−.017	.007	−.011	−.030*	−.018*	−.014
	(.018)	(.011)	(.009)	(.019)	(.011)	(.010)
	[.020]	[−.032]	[.155]	[.037]	[.077]	[.199]
Time use—mom	−.008	.008	−.008	−.013	−.004	−.002
	(.026)	(.015)	(.010)	(.018)	(.015)	(.011)
	[.009]	[−.037]	[.114]	[.016]	[.020]	[.033]
Time use—child	−.046	−.021	−.025	−.028	−.009*	−.017
	(.031)	(.009)	(.023)	(.019)	(.005)	(.019)
	[.056]	[.091]	[.355]	[.034]	[.041]	[.242]
Birth mechanisms	−.007	−.013	−.005	−.042**	.006	−.005
	(.008)	(.011)	(.005)	(.010)	(.006)	(.005)
	[.009]	[.056]	[.066]	[−.008]	[−.027]	[.065]
Parenting discussions	−.014	−.042	−.014**	−.003	−.004	−.021*
	(.019)	(.027)	(.007)	(.014)	(.012)	(.011)
	[.017]	[.186]	[.202]	[.003]	[.018]	[.291]
School fixed effects	…	…	…	−.145**	−.085*	.106**
				(.052)	(.050)	(.042)
				[.177]	[.372]	[−1.501]
Total	−.735**	−.109	−.167**	−.789**	−.204**	−.087
	(.104)	(.081)	(.070)	(.100)	(.082)	(.075)
	[.897]	[.478]	[2.370]	[.964]	[.893]	[1.231]
Baseline gap	−.819	−.228	−.071	−.819	−.228	−.071
	(.082)	(.056)	(.037)	(.082)	(.056)	(.037)

Note.—Standard errors are in parentheses. Numbers in brackets are the share of the baseline gap explained by the group of covariates. Dependent variables are the normalized Add Health version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, demeaned course-level GPA, and log wages at wave IV. All regressions include child age, and GPA regressions include course-byyear fixed effects for math GPA. White and white mom are omitted. Characteristics are listed in the note to table 7.

^*Significant at the 10 percent level.

^**Significant at the 5 percent level.