. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 19.

Published in final edited form as: J Hum Cap. 2015 Summer;9(2):198–238. doi: 10.1086/681957

Table 16.

DECOMPOSITION OF MALE OUTCOMES BY SKIN TONE

	Outcome without School Fixed Effects			Outcome with School Fixed Effects
	PVT	MGPA	LWAGE	PVT	MGPA	LWAGE
	A. Medium Skin Tone
Mother’s characteristics, not race	−.128^**	−.045^**	−.065^**	−.094^**	−.034	−.051^**
	(.029)	(.022)	(.019)	(.022)	(.021)	(.016)
	[.147]	[.223]	[.674]	[.108]	[.170]	[.532]
Mother’s race	− 424^**	−.184^**	−.064	−.333^**	−.151^**	−.092^**
	(.057)	(.067)	(.039)	(.055)	(.070)	(.044)
	[.489]	[.909]	[.663]	[.384]	[.749]	[.961]
Father’s characteristics	−.074^*	−.015	−.041^**	−.041	.011	−.044^**
	(.039)	(.028)	(.020)	(.028)	(.028)	(.019)
	[.086]	[.074]	[.431]	[.048]	−.055]	[.459]
School fixed effects	…	…	…	−.236^**	−.087^*	.004
				(.093)	(.047)	(.026)
				[.273]	[.430]	[−.043]
Total	−.626^**	−.244^**	−.170^**	−.704^**	−.261^**	−.184^**
	(.080)	(.071)	(.040)	(.105)	(.078)	(.044)
	[.723]	[1.206]	[1.768]	[.813]	[1.294]	[1.909]
Baseline gap	−.866^**	−.202^**	−.096^**	−.866^**	−.202^**	−.096^*
Baseline gap	(.115)	(.076)	(.049)	(.115)	(.076)	(.049)

	B. Dark Skin Tone
Mother’s characteristics, not race	−.116^**	−.061^**	−.061^**	−.082^**	−.041	−.051^**
	(.025)	(.029)	(.023)	(.024)	(.028)	(.022)
	[.127]	[.133]	[.172]	[.091]	[.089]	[.145]
Mother’s race	−.517^**	−.240^**	−.140^**	−.402^**	−.206^*	−.142^**
	(.070)	(.107)	(.062)	(.073)	(.112)	(.073)
	[.569]	[.523]	[.395]	[.442]	[.449]	[.399]
Father’s characteristics	−.103^*	−.049	−.047^*	−.054	−.007	−.052^**
	(.065)	(.038)	(.028)	(.041)	(.038)	(.027)
	[.114]	[.107]	[.133]	[.059]	[.016]	[.147]
School fixed effects	…	…	…	−.162^**	−.208^**	−.014
				(.048)	(.048)	(.038)
				[.179]	[.453]	[.039]
Total	−.736^**	−.350^**	−.248^**	−.701^**	−.462	−.259^**
	(.093)	(.107)	(.059)	(.078)	(.109)	(.063)
	[.810]	[.763]	[.700]	[.771]	[1.008]	[.730]
Baseline gap	−.909^**	−.459^**	−.355^**	−.909^**	−.459	−.355^**
Baseline gap	(.073)	(.063)	(.069)	(.073)	(.063)	(.069)

Note.—Dependent variables are the normalized Add Health version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, demeaned course-level GPA, and log wages at wave IV. Controls are listed in the note to table 7.

Significant at the 10 percent level.

^**

Significant at the 5 percent level.