Table 5.
Mean Outcomes
| Group |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White Students |
Black Students |
Black with White Mom | Hispanic Students |
Hispanic with White Mom | |
| AHPVT Z-score | .310 | −.540* | .105† | −.617* | .138† |
| (.033) | (.077) | (.192) | (.070) | (.116) | |
| [7,987] | [2,876] | [127] | [2,085] | [306] | |
| Wave III: | |||||
| Overall GPA | 2.72 | 2.13* | 2.54† | 2.34* | 2.54*† |
| (.01) | (.07) | (.12) | (.04) | (.08) | |
| [24,953] | [8,433] | [289] | [6,254] | [690] | |
| Math GPA | 2.36 | 1.77* | 2.15− | 1.91* | 2.18*† |
| (.01) | (.06) | (.12) | (.04) | (.09) | |
| [21,455] | [7,662] | [260] | [5,434] | [590] | |
| Science GPA | 2.49 | 1.86* | 2.15* | 2.03* | 2.26* |
| (.02) | (.07) | (.16) | (.06) | (.09) | |
| [19,610] | [6,879] | [231] | [4,486] | [523] | |
| Wave IV: | |||||
| Finished college | .341 | .219* | .328 | .193* | .247*† |
| (.020) | (.029) | (.070) | (.018) | (.050) | |
| [8,170] | [3,119] | [102] | [2,107] | [249] | |
| Wages | 18.31 | 15.20* | 16.92 | 17.62 | 17.59 |
| (.327) | (.543) | (1.783) | (.624) | (1.101) | |
| [7,122] | [2,569] | [86] | [1,835] | [212] | |
| Full-time employment | .909 | .886 | .870 | .900 | .801 |
| (.009) | (.019) | (.049) | (.012) | (.112) | |
| [8,170] | [3,121] | [102] | [2,108] | [250] | |
Note.—Standard errors for means are in parentheses; sample sizes are in brackets. AHPVT is measured at wave I, GPA is measured from transcripts at wave III, and completed education is measured at wave IV for males. The unit of observation for the GPA outcome is the individual- year; these standard errors are clustered at the individual level. Wages and full-time employment come from male respondents at wave IV.
*
Significantly different from the white student mean at the 5 percent level.
†
Significantly different from the own minority group mean (black or Hispanic) at the 5 percent level.