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Changes in postoperative pain intensity at rest and during movement over time in each group. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. fk-IVPCA = fentanyl-based IVPCA with addition of low-dose ketamine, t-PCEA = thoracic patient-controlled epidural analgesia, VAS-R = visual analog scale at rest, VAS-M = visual analog scale during movement.
