Table 2. Arylation of HMF with Mesitylene over Various Catalysts^a.

					Conv.c (%)	yieldd (%)
entry	catalyst	loading	T (°C)	t (h)	6	1	4	TOF (h–1)
1	concd H2SO4	10 mol %	80	3	>99	75	11	0.2
2	Amberlyst-15	0.1 g	80	4	>99	79	07	13.83
3	ZrOCl2·8H2O	0.1 g	80	16	>99	30	11	0.14
4	Mont	0.1 g	110	16	44	21	09	2.5
5	Zr-Mont	0.1 g	110	12	>99	86	02	2.63
6	Zr-Mont	0.05 g	110	16	64	50	00	3.15
7	Zr-Mont	0.2 g	110	16	>99	75	17	1.57
8	Sn-Mont	0.1 g	110	16	>99	70	21	2.09
9	Al-Mont	0.1 g	110	16	72	57	trace	2.70
10	Fe-Mont	0.1 g	110	16	55	43		2.79
11b	Zr-Mont	0.1 g	110	16	>99	83	02	2.67

^aReaction conditions: HMF (0.252 g, 2 mmol), mesitylene (5 mL), nitroethane (5 mL), and catalyst.

^bCrude HMF obtained from fructose.

^cConversion of HMF was measured using HPLC.

^dIsolated yields.