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. 2019 Jul 19;9:10478. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46571-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hsp47 staining for collagen synthesis chaperone is shown for (A) Day 7, (B) day 14 and (C) day 28. (D) We found the level (percentage of the total chamber area, mean ± SD) of Hsp47 to be significantly greater in AVL (black) compared to no AVL controls (white) at day 14 and 21. Sample images of picrosirius staining for collagen bundles are shown for (E) day 7, (F) day 14 and (G) day 28. All samples were measured at 0° and 90° rotations, and the areas of collagen birefringence were calculated as a percentage of the total chamber area (mean ± SD). We find that the collagen increases with time, and the greatest increases of collagen were from day 7 to day 14, and day 21 to day 28. Scale bar = 500 µm. 900 × 327 mm (180 × 180 DPI).