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. 2019 Jul 19;9:10506. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46848-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Treatment with a high-dose GSK3β inhibitor during posterior DE induction enhanced urothelial differentiation. (A) An overview of the culture protocol for urothelial differentiation. (B) An expression analysis of the urothelial markers in differentiated cells treated with a high (5 µM) or low (1 µM) dose of CHIR during posterior DE induction by qPCR (n = 5 independent experiments; mean ± SEM). *p < 0.05; two-tailed paired t-test. Abbreviations: iPSc, induced pluripotent stem cell; DE, definitive endoderm; CHIR, CHIR99021; BPE, bovine pituitary extract; ATRA, all-trans retinoic acid; TZ, troglitazone; PD, PD153035; UPK, uroplakin.