Table 1.
Baseline demographic and reproductive characteristics.
| Demographic characteristics | Low Eratio group (N = 31) |
High Eratio group (N = 31) |
Control-old (N = 12) |
Control-young (N = 13) |
p value (Low Eratio vs High Eratio) |
p value (Low Eratio vs Control-old) |
p value (High Eratio vs Control-young) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67.61 ± 1.32a | 55.87 ± 1.34a | 67.37 ± 5.47 | 55.88 ± 3.28 | <0.001 | 0.926 | 0.995 |
| Female, No. (%) | 31 (100%) | 31 (100%) | 12 (100.0%) | 13 (100.0%) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Education | 8.46 ± 0.80 | 9.75 ± 0.80 | 14.00 ± 3.38 | 13.54 ± 2.44 | 0.287 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Symptom duration before PD diagnosis, y | 1.50 ± 1.41 | 1.80 ± 2.08 | 0.505 | ||||
| UPDRS-III | 22.54 ± 1.78 | 15.84 ± 1.61 | 0.016 | ||||
| PD motor subtype, n (%) | 0.685 | ||||||
| Tremor-dominant | 3 (9.6%) | 6 (19.3%) | |||||
| Akinetic-rigid | 10 (32.3%) | 11 (35.5%) | |||||
| Mixed | 18 (58.1%) | 14 (45.2%) | |||||
| CCSIT | 6.54 ± 2.38 | 8.40 ± 2.36 | 0.004 | ||||
| BDI | 12.42 ± 7.68 | 12.83 ± 6.89 | 0.840 | ||||
| K-MMSE | 26.53 ± 0.45 | 27.22 ± 0.45 | 0.341 | ||||
| Follow-up duration, y | 2.70 ± 2.63 | 2.91 ± 2.73 | 0.755 | ||||
| Total LED, mg | 506.15 ± 208.67 | 350.36 ± 158.30 | 0.002 | ||||
| Levodopa dose, mg | 382.76 ± 193.66 | 184.82 ± 166.44 | <0.001 | ||||
| Reproductive characteristics | |||||||
| Age at menarche, y | 15.94 ± 1.71 | 15.70 ± 1.74 | 0.597 | ||||
| Age at menopause, y | 47.13 ± 5.33 | 51.37 ± 4.87 | 0.002 | ||||
| Reproductive period, y | 31.19 ± 5.46 | 35.67 ± 5.06 | 0.002 | ||||
| Estrogen exposure length, y | 31.51 ± 5.56 | 37.23 ± 4.32 | <0.001 | ||||
| Estrogen deprivation length, y | 20.17 ± 7.69 | 2.93 ± 5.26 | <0.001 | ||||
| Estrogen exposure and deprivation length, y | 51.68 ± 8.42 | 40.17 ± 6.32 | <0.001 | ||||
| Eratio | 0.62 ± 0.10 | 0.92 ± 0.087 | <0.001 | ||||
| Ever use ERT, n (%) | 0.740 | ||||||
| Yes | 5 (16.1%) | 6 (19.4%) | |||||
| No | 26 (83.9%) | 25 (80.6%) | |||||
| Types of ERT, n (%) | 0.740 | ||||||
| Use of estrogen only | 3 (60.0%) | 3 (50.0%) | |||||
|
Use of combined estrogen/progesterone |
2 (40.0%) | 3 (50.0%) | |||||
|
Timing of ERT initiation, n (%) |
0.455 | ||||||
|
Within 10 years from menopause |
4 (80.0%) | 6 (100.0%) | |||||
|
After 10 years from menopause |
1 (20.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||||
| Duration ERT use, y | 0.86 ± 1.25 | 6.00 ± 5.03 | 0.010 | ||||
| Surgical menopause, n (%) | 0.159 | ||||||
| Yes | 9 (29.0%) | 4 (12.9%) | |||||
| No | 22 (71.0%) | 27 (87.1%) |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage).
Abbreviations: UPDRS-III, Part III of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; PD, Parkinson’s disease; K-MMSE, Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination; CCSIT, Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; LED, Levodopa equivalent dose; Eratio, Estrogen exposure ratio; ERT, Estrogen replacement therapy.
aAge at PD onset.