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. 2019 Jul 4;45:39–57. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.047

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© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — Combinatorial targeting of cancer bone metastasis using mRNA engineered mesenchymal stem cells. Proposed strategy for bone metastasis treatment by targeted delivery of multiple factors using mRNA-engineered mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) equipped with functions for a) specific and efficient bone metastases homing through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and Sialyl-Lewis X (SLEX), b) local cancer killing through cytosine deaminase (CD)/pro-drug 5-Fluorocytosine, and c) osteolysis inhibition within the tumour niche through a modified version of RANKL decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG).