Table 5.
Linear mixed effect model testing metals and SES association with neurocognitive outcomes
| SES Mid vs Low | SES High vs Low | log (BPb) | log (HMn) | log (HHg) | log (UAs) | log (UCd) | log (BSe) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WISC IV | ||||||||
| IQ | 1.3 (−2.3, 5.2) | 4.8a (0.3, 9.6) | −1.1 (− 2.7, 0.6) | 0.2 (−1.6, 1.7) | −0.03 (− 1.9, 1.8) | 0.9 (− 1.0, 2.7) | − 1.2 (− 3.0, 0.6) | 0.1 (− 1.6, 1.9) |
| GAI | 1.3 (− 2.5, 5.6) | 5.6a(0.6, 11.1) | − 1.5 (− 3.3, 0.2) | 1.1 (− 0.6, 2.9) | − 0.9 (− 2.9, 1.1) | 1.7 (− 0.2, 3.6) | −1.2 (− 2.9, 0.7) | 0.3 (− 1.5, 2.4) |
| CPI | 0.6 (− 3.1, 4.5) | 2.1 (− 2.8, 7.0) | − 1.2 (− 2.8, 0.5) | −1.1 (− 2.8, 0.6) | 0.5 (− 1.2, 2.2) | −0.1 (− 2.0, 1.8) | −1.4 (− 3.1, 0.3) | −0.1 (− 1.8, 1.5) |
| WMI | 1.9 (−2.1, 6.1) | 5.3a (0.6, 10.0) | −0.6 (− 2.3, 1.2) | 0.9 (− 1.0, 2.6) | − 0.4 (− 2.2, 1.4) | 0.8 (− 1.1, 2.3) | −1.0 (− 2.8, 0.6) | −0.1 (− 1.9, 1.6) |
| PSI | 1.9 (− 1.7, 5.6) | −1.2 (− 6.2, 3.1) | 0.1 (− 1.6, 1.6) | − 0.1 (− 1.6, 1.6) | −0.3 (− 2.1, 1.5) | −0.6 (− 2.3, 1.2) | −0.6 (− 2.2, 1.1) | −0.2 (− 1.9, 1.6) |
| PRI | − 0.4 (− 4.1, 3.3) | 1.3 (− 3.3, 6.4) | −0.2 (− 1.9, 1.5) | 0.9 (− 0.7, 2.6) | −1.4 (− 3.3, 0.5) | 0.7 (− 1.1, 2.5) | −0.7 (− 2.3, 1.1) | 0.1 (− 1.7, 1.8) |
| VCI | 2.4 (− 1.6, 6.5) | 7.1a (1.4, 12.7) | −1.5 (− 3.3, 0.2) | 0.7 (− 1.2, 2.6) | 0.3 (− 1.6, 2.2) | 1.4 (− 0.4, 3.3) | −1.2 (− 2.9, 0.8) | 1.0 (− 0.7, 3.0) |
| CANTAB | ||||||||
| Between errors | 3.0 (−1.1, 7.1) | − 1.1 (− 6.5, 4.2) | −0.5 (− 2.1, 1.4) | 2.2a (0.3, 3.9) | 0.3 (− 1.5, 2.2) | −1.6 (− 3.4, 0.4) | −0.1 (− 2, 1.6) | −0.6 (− 2.5, 1.2) |
| Proportion of successful stops | 0.02 (− 0.01, 0.05) | − 0.001 (− 0.04, 0.04) | −0.01. (− 0.02, 0.001) | −0.01 (− 0.02, 0.002) | 0.002 (− 0.01, 0.02) | −0.003 (− 0.02, 0.01) | 0.01 (− 0.002, 0.02) | 0.01 (− 0.001, 0.03) |
| Stop signal reaction time | −0.05 (− 0.1, 0.02) | −0.03 (− 0.1, 0.1) | 0.05a (0.02, 0.1) | 0.02 (− 0.02, 0.04) | 0.03 (− 0.003, 0.1) | −0.02 (− 0.05, 0.01) | −0.003 (− 0.03, 0.03) | −0.01 (− 0.04, 0.02) |
Notes: Linear mixed effect model β coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for SES and all biomarkers for the association with IQ and its sub-scores. All the models were adjusted for age, sex, maternal SPM, HOME total score, and distance from the point source
SES Socio-economic status, UAs Urinary arsenic, UCd Urinary cadmium, UHg Urinary mercury, HHg Hair mercury, BPb Blood lead, HMn Hair manganese, BSe Blood selenium, WISC-IV Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children edition IV, IQ Intellectual Quotient, VCI Verbal Comprehension Index, PRI Visual-Perceptual Reasoning Index, WMI Working Memory Index, PSI Processing Speed Index, GAI General Ability Index, CPI Cognitive Proficiency Index, CANTAB Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery
. Nearly significant difference from 0
aStatistically significant difference from 0