Extended Data Figure 9. VCAM1 and VLA4 perturbations reduce hallmarks of brain aging.

(a) Experimental design for anti-VLA-4. n=7 mice/group.

(b) Representative confocal images and quantification (d) of VCAM1, Lectin, and Hoechst to label cell nuclei. Scale bar = 100 μm. n=3 mice/group analyzed. Mean +/−SEM.

(c) Representative confocal images and quantification (f) in the DG of CD68, Iba1, and Hoechst. Scale bar = 100 μm. n=7 mice/group. Mean +/−SEM. Two-tailed Student’s t-test. *p=0.0436, **p=0.0175.

(e) Quantification of confocal images of the DG of NPCs co-labeled with BrdU and Sox2. n=7 mice/group. Mean +/−SEM.

(g-h) Quantification of Iba1+ and Iba1+CD68+ Microglia in the DG from the experiment described in Figure 6f. n=8 mice/group. Mean +/−SEM.

(i-k) 13-month-old NSG mice were injected with anti-VCAM1 mAb or IgG every 3 days for one month and underwent novel object recognition or fear conditioning during the last week (n=11 mice per group). Quantification of percent time spent exploring objects in novel object placement task is shown in (i) while %Freezing observed during the Training (j) phase is shown. The average of Trials 3-5 for Contextual are quantified in (k). Mean +/−SEM. 2-way Anova with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. *p=0.0485. There were no significant differences between groups for contextual freezing (Two-tailed Student’s t-test; p=0.2722).

(l-n) 23-month-old C57BL6 mice were injected with anti-VCAM1 or IgG every 3 days for one month and underwent fear conditioning during the last week (n=7 PBS, 12 IgG, and 13 anti-Vcam1-treated mice per group). %Freezing observed during the Training (l), Cued (m), and Contextual (n) tests are shown. Mean +/− SEM. 2-way Anova with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test between groups at each timepoint. *p=0.0493. Individual data point distribution shown in Source Data.