Table 3.

Hazard ratio for risk factors using variables selected by the LASSO method

Patient characteristics	Univariate Cox analyses			Variables selected by the LASSO method
	Hazard Ratio	95% CI	P value	Hazard ratio	95% CI	P value
Age (years)	1.04	(1.03, 1.04)	< 0.001	1.04	(1.03, 1.04)	< 0.001
Square root of age	1.72	(1.60, 1.84)	< 0.001
Age less than 65 indicator	0.33	(0.27, 0.41)	< 0.001
Index Diagnosis vs. Bipolar Disorder
Depressive Disorder	0.95	(0.78, 1.14)	0.57	1.02	(0.79, 1.32)	0.88
Schizophrenia	1.96	(1.67, 2.29)	< 0.001	1.99	(1.57, 2.53)	< 0.001
Generation of Index AP vs. First generation
Multiple	0.88	(0.58, 1.33)	0.54	0.80	(0.52, 1.21)	0.29
Second generation	0.72	(0.59, 0.87)	< 0.001	0.85	(0.70, 1.03)	0.09
Dose (continuous effect for dose≤100 mg/day of chlorpromazine)	1.91	(1.38, 2.66)	< 0.001	1.65	(1.17, 2.31)	< 0.01
Dose (continuous effect for dose> 100 mg/day of chlorpromazine)	1.05	(1.02, 1.08)	< 0.01
CCI	1.06	(1.00, 1.12)	< 0.05
Depressive disorders	0.78	(0.68, 0.89)	< 0.001
Bipolar and related disorders	0.84	(0.72, 0.97)	< 0.05	1.39	(1.11, 1.75)	< 0.01
Dementia	2.04	(1.38, 3.01)	< 0.001
Diabetes	1.52	(1.29, 1.79)	< 0.001	1.13	(0.96, 1.34)	0.14
Number of EPS	1.91	(1.60, 2.29)	< 0.001
History of EPS	2.37	(1.88, 2.99)	< 0.001	1.35	(0.74, 2.47)	0.33
Parkinsonism	4.29	(1.38, 13.33)	< 0.05	1.43	(0.44, 4.72)	0.55
Bradykinesia	2.48	(1.92, 3.21)	< 0.001	1.44	(0.77, 2.68)	0.25
Tremors	3.93	(1.96, 7.89)	< 0.001	2.12	(0.97, 4.60)	0.06
Myoclonus	4.27	(1.07, 17.11)	< 0.05	2.33	(0.56, 9.7)	0.25

AP antipsychotic, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, CI confidence interval, EPS extrapyramidal symptoms, LASSO least absolute shrinkage and selection operator