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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019 Jan 11;49(1):9–19. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.01.005

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Pathologic association of type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis: involvement of hyperglycemia in local chondrocyte activation

AGEs, advanced glycation end-products; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; MMP matrix metalloproteinase; mROS, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; NO, nitric oxide; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; RAGE, receptor of AGE; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4.

Reprinted from Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 122, Courties A, Sellam J. Osteoarthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: What are the links? 198-206, Copyright (2016), with permission from Elsevier.