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. 2019 Jun 2;15(8):1571–1581. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.34211

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Caffeine attenuates production of the cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in THP-1 macrophages stimulated by LPS and ATP. (A) IL-1β levels were evaluated in THP-1 macrophages pretreated with caffeine for 1 h and then incubated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 3 h and ATP (5 mM) for 30 min. (B) IL-18 levels were evaluated in THP-1 macrophages pretreated with caffeine for 1 h and then incubated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 3 h and ATP (5 mM) for 30 min. (C) The mRNA levels of il-1β were analyzed by qRT-PCR. (D) The mRNA levels of il-18 were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results represent the mean ± SD for three experiments. *** p< 0.001 vs. the control group. # p<0.05, ## p<0.01 and ### p< 0.001 vs. the LPS and ATP group.