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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 22.
Published in final edited form as: Health Aff (Millwood). 2011 May 4;30(5):871–878. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1279

Exhibit 2 (table).

Multivariable results for Infant Bronchiolitis Hospitalization Charges and Costs as predicted by Microgram per Cubic meter Increase in the Level of Fine Particulate Matter

PM2.5 level1 Increment Change
(95% CI) in Total
Charges2
Increment Change
(95% CI) in Total
Costs2

1 month average $195 (−39 to +563) $114 (8 to +298)*
Lifetime3 $285 (25 to +734)* $127 (28 to + 302)**

Source: Authors’ analysis from the following sources 1) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Aerometric Information Retrieval System and 2) Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Notes:

1

Average level within a 10-mile radius of the hospital

2

Increment change in dollars calculated using Duan transformation for linear regression

3

Monthly averages from birth month to month of hospitalization

*

p-value ≤ 0.05

**

p-value ≤ 0.01

Controlled for age, race (white, black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American, or other), gender, income, insurance (Medicare, Medicaid, private, self-pay, no charge, or other), hospital region of the country (Northeast, South, Midwest, or West), teaching status of the hospital, and month of admission.