Table 1. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample.

Variables	Voluntary (N = 74)		Involuntary (N = 81)		Statistics
	N	%	N	%	χ2	df	p
Gender					0.05	1	0.83
Male	28	37.8	32	39.5
Female	46	62.2	49	60.5
Employ					48.8	1	<0.001
Employed	53	71.6	13	16.0
Unemployed	21	28.4	68	84.0
Marital status					0.41	1	0.52
Unmarried	44	59.5	44	54.3
Married	30	40.5	37	45.7
Education					3.49	1	0.06
Low (≤9 years)	30	40.5	45	55.6
High (>9 years)	44	59.5	36	44.4
Residence					0.1	1	0.71
Rural	28	37.8	33	40.7
Urban	46	62.2	47	59.3
Health insurance					1.65	1	0.20
Yes	56	75.7	68	84.0
No	18	24.3	13	16.0
Outpatient treatment prior to index admission					0.03	1	0.86
Yes	49	66.2	57	70.4
No	25	33.8	24	29.6
Diagnosis					11.8	1	0.001
Manic episode	28	37.8	53	65.4
Depressive episode	46	62.2	28	34.6
Insight					20.6	1	<0.001
Poor insight (ITAQ ≤17)	18	24.3	49	60.5
Good insight (ITAQ >17)	56	75.7	32	39.5
Previously hospitalized					4.6	1	0.03
Yes	48	64.9	65	80.2
No	26	35.1	16	19.8
History of violence					1.5	1	0.22
Yes	7	9.5	13	16.0
No	67	90.5	68	84.0
History of self-harm					0.0	1	0.99
Yes	10	13.5	11	13.6
No	64	86.5	70	86.5
Aggrssive					8.5	1	0.01
Low (MOAS ≤4)	51	68.9	37	45.7
High (MOAS ≥5)	23	31.1	44	54.3
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	τ	df	p
Age	38.2	15.9	38.5	14.8	−0.1	153	0.89
Age of onset (years)	33.8	15.2	30.7	13.8	1.3	150	0.20
Length of illness (month)	56.0	69.3	94.2	115.3	−2.5	133	0.05
MOAS	4.1	5.8	7.2	6.9	−3.0	153	<0.001
ITAQ	19.3	3.5	14.7	5.8	5.8	153	<0.001

Note:

MOAS, Modified Overt Aggression Scale; ITAQ, the Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire.