Table 1.
Biomarker proteins common to cardiac (C), neurological (N), and pulmonary (P) diseases
| Protein name | Condition | Tissue | Proteomic technology | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actin | C | Artherosclerotic aorta | Aortic tissues | LC-MS/MS | [10] |
| Aortic aneurysm | Aortic wall | 2D-DIGE and MS/MS | [11] | ||
| N | EAE | Spinal cord | 2D gel and MALDI-TOF MS | [7] | |
| Multiple sclerosis | CSF | 2D gel and LC/MS | [8] | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | CSF | 2D-DIGE, MALDI-TOF MS and UPLC/Q-TOF MS | [9] | ||
| P | Hypersensitivity pneumonitis | BALF | 2D gel and MS | [4] | |
| α-1 Antichymotrypsin | C | Valvular heart disease | Plasma | 2D gel and MS | [193] |
| N | Multiple sclerosis | CSF | 2D-DIGE, MALDI-TOF MS and UPLC/Q-TOF MS | [9] | |
| Multiple sclerosis | CSF | 2D gel and LC/MS | [8] | ||
| EAE | CSF | ChipLC-QTOF MS, Orbitrap XL | [194] | ||
| P | NSCLC | Plasma | Monoclonal antibody libraries | [195] | |
| β-2 Microglobulin | C | PAD | Plasma | SELDI-TOF MS | [196] |
| N | Multiple sclerosis | CSF | 2D gel and MALDI MS | [19] | |
| P | CBD | BALF | 2D gel and MS | [197] | |
| Calreticulin | C | AAA | Aortic tissue | 2D gel and MS | [198] |
| N | Parkinson’s disease | Striatum | 2D gel and MALDI TOF-MS | [199] | |
| P | Cigarette smoking | Lung tissue | 2D gel and MALDI TOF-MS | [200] | |
| Ceruloplasmin | C | Cardiopulmonary bypass | Plasma | 2-DIGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF | [21] |
| N | HAD | Serum | 2D gel and IB | [201] | |
| P | Lung injury | BALF | 1D gel and MS | [202] | |
| Clusterin | C | Alzheimer disease | Plasma | 2D gel and LC-MS/MS | [17] |
| N | Multiple sclerosis | Plasma | 2D gel and MS | [15] | |
| Multiple sclerosis | CSF | MALDI TOF-MS | [16] | ||
| P | Lung cancer | BALF | 2D gel and MS | [5] | |
| Complement C3 | C | Plasma clots | Plasma | 2G gel and MALDI-TOF-MS | [203] |
| N | EAE | CSF | QTOF LC-MS | [194] | |
| EAE | Spinal cord | iTRAQ MS/MS | [20] | ||
| P | NSCLC/RILT | Plasma | 2 ExacTag, LC/MS | [204] | |
| Cystatin C | C | Cardiac injury | Conditioned media of cardiomyocytes | LC-MS/MS | [14] |
| N | Traumatic brain injury | CSF | DIGE and MS | [13] | |
| P | Malignant pleural effusion | Adenocarcinoma cell lines | 1D gel and LC-MS/MS | [12] | |
| α-Enolase | C | CHF | Cardiomyocytes | 2D gel and MS | [205] |
| N | EAE | Spinal cord | 2DE and MALDI-TOF MS | [32] | |
| Multiple sclerosis | CSF | 2D-DIGE, MALDI-TOF MS and UPLC/Q-TOF MS | [9] | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | Blood cells | [23] | |||
| P | NSCLC | Serum | 2D gel, IB, ELISA and MS | [206] | |
| Haptoglobin | C | Myocardial infarction | Plasma | 2D-DiGE and MALDi-TOF/TOF | [207] |
| N | Ischemic stroke | Plasma | 2D gel and MS | [208] | |
| P | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | BALF | 2D gel, MS and WB | [6] | |
| Hemopexin | C | Cardiopulmonary bypass | Plasma | 2D gel and MS | [21] |
| N | Multiple sclerosis | CSF | 2D gel and MALDI-MS | [19] | |
| EAE | Spinal cord | iTRAQ, MALDI-MS | [20] | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | Plasma | 2D gel and MS | [15] | ||
| P | Chemical lung exposure | Plasma | 2D gel and MALDi-TOF | [18] | |
| Malate | C | Ischemia-reperfusion | Hearts mitochondria | 2DE and MALDI-TOF MS | [209] |
| Dehydrogenase | N | EAE | Spinal cord | 2D gel and MALDI-TOF MS | [7] |
| Multiple sclerosis | CSF | LC-ESI-MS/MS | [210] | ||
| P | ALI | Lung tissue | 2DE and MALDI-TOF MS | [94] | |
| MMP-9 | C | MACE | Plasma | ELISA | [211] |
| N | Brain stroke | Infarcted brains | Protein array | [212] | |
| P | Pulmonary tuberculosis | Serum | iTRAQ 2D LC-MS/MS | [213] | |
| Paraoxonase | C | ASCVD | Plasma | iTRAQ -MS | [214] |
| N | EAE | CSF | LC-MS | [194] | |
| P | SCLC | Serum | Affinity purification and iTRAQ | [215] | |
| T-kininogen | C | AMI | Serum | 2DE and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS | [216] |
| N | EAE | CSF | LC-MS and QTOF LC-MS | [194] | |
| P | Endotoxin challenge | BALF | 2D gel and MS | [217] | |
| Thrombospondin 1 | C | Myocardial infarction. | Left ventricle infarct tissue | 2D gel and MS | [218] |
| N | Ischemic stroke | Plasma | 1D gel and MS/MS | [219] | |
| P | Malignant mesothelioma | Pleural effusions | LC-MS/MS | [220] | |
| Vimentin | C | Degenerative aortic stenosis | Aortic valve | 2D-DIGE and MS | [221] |
| N | EAE | Spinal cord | iTRAQ, MALDI-MS | [20] | |
| MS | Blood/CNS | 1D, 2D gel IB, and MS | [24] | ||
| P | PM/DM | BALF | 2D gel and LC-MS/MS | [222] | |
| Malignant mesothelioma | Lung biopsies | 2D gel and MS | [223] |
Cardiac diseases. AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysms; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; RHD, rheumatic heart disease.
Neurological diseases. EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; HAD, HIV-1 associated dementia.
Pulmonary diseases. ALI, acute lung injury; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; PM/DM, polymyositis/ dermatomyositis; RILT, radiation-induced lung toxicity.
Tissues: BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BCEC, brain capillary endothelial cells; CBD, chronic beryllium disease; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; NSCLC, nonsmall cell lung cancer; SCLC, small cell lung cancer; TIF, tissue interstitial fluid.
Proteomic technologies: 2D-DIGE, 2dimensional fluorescence difference in-gel electrophoresis; iTRAQ, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification; LC/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization coupled to time of flight; MS, mass spectrometry, MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; SELDI, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization; UPLC-MSE, nano-ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry; UPLC/Q-TOF MS, ultra-performance liquid chromato-graph coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.