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Cathode spatial voltage distribution as a function of the distance (d) to the electrode for various applied voltages (6.5, 8, 11, and 13 kV). A schematic diagram of the three-electrode measurement configuration is indicated in the lower inset; up to a distance of ∼1 mm from the cathode, there is an electric field of ∼4 × 106 V/m, resulting in a voltage drop of ∼300 V (Vappl = 13 kV).
