Table 1.
Baseline Clinical and Angiographic Characteristics and 5‐Year Clinical Follow‐Up
| Variables | Total (n=5890) | Variables | Total (n=5890) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male | 2703 (45.9) | Coronary angiography | |
| Age, y | 55.3±12.4 | Insignificant stenosis | |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | Mild (<30%) | 2834 (48.1) | |
| Systolic | 135±21 | Mild (30–50%) | 481 (8.1) |
| Diastolic | 78±12 | Moderate (50–70%) | 367 (6.2) |
| Heart rate, beats per minute | 71±13 | Myocardial bridge (>30%) | 853 (14.4) |
| Body mass index | 24±3 | CAS (after ACH provocation test) | |
| Patients at risk | Significant CAS (>70%) | 3394 (57.6) | |
| Hypertension | 2694 (45.7) | CAS site | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 928 (15.7) | Left main | 8 (0.2) |
| New‐onset diabetes mellitus | 210 (3.5) | Left arterial descending | 3181 (93.7) |
| Insulin | 100 (1.6) | Left circumflex | 1300 (38.3) |
| Medication | 594 (10.0) | CAS location | |
| Dietary | 71 (1.2) | Mid to distal | 1296 (38.1) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1757 (29.8) | Proximal to distal | 1409 (41.5) |
| History of smoking | 1699 (28.8) | Proximal only | 246 (7.2) |
| Current smoking | 1213 (20.5) | Mid only | 380 (11.1) |
| History of alcohol use | 2050 (34.8) | Distal only | 63 (1.8) |
| Current alcohol use | 1881 (31.9) | Diffuse CAS (>20 mm) | 2913 (85.8) |
| Medication history | Multivessel CAS | 1129 (33.2) | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 2570 (43.6) | ECG change | 255 (4.3) |
| Diltiazem | 315 (5.3) | Clinical follow‐up at 5 years | |
| Nitrate | 279 (4.7) | Total death | 16 (0.4) |
| Trimetazidine | 176 (2.9) | Cardiac death | 6 (0.1) |
| Molsidomine | 24 (0.4) | MI | 12 (0.3) |
| Nicorandil | 143 (2.4) | MI caused by CAS | 8 (0.2) |
| β‐blockers | 270 (4.5) | Coronary revascularization | 15 (0.4) |
| Diuretics | 292 (4.9) | Stroke | 28 (0.6) |
| ARB | 442 (7.5) | Hospitalization because of HF | 32 (0.8) |
| ACEI | 82 (1.3) | MACE | 91 (2.2) |
| Statins | 488 (8.2) | Sustained angina pectoris | 309 (8.1) |
Data are presented as N (%) or mean±SD. MACE was defined as the composite of total death, MI, coronary revascularization, stroke, and hospitalization because of HF. ACEI indicates angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ACH, acetylcholine; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CAS, coronary artery spasm; HF, heart failure; MACE, major adverse cardiac events; MI, myocardial infarction.