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. 2019 Jun 12;8(12):e012673. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012673

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© 2019 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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The polyol pathway in the heart. In the polyol pathway, aldose reductase (AR) converts glucose to sorbitol, which is subsequently oxidized to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). AR also acts as an antioxidant enzyme by catalyzing toxic aldehyde to nontoxic alcohol. AGEs indicates advanced glycation end products; fructose 6‐P, fructose 6‐phosphate; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase; GLUT, glucose transporter; GR, glutathione reductase; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; ROS, reactive oxygen species.