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. 2019 Jun 12;8(12):e012673. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012673

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© 2019 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) in the heart. The rate‐limiting enzyme of the HBP, GFAT, converts fructose 6‐P and glutamine to glucosamine 6‐phosphate, which is used to generate the final product, UDP‐GlcNAc. UDP‐GlcNAc is a substrate for various biosynthetic pathways, including glycan synthesis, glycerolipid production, etc. UDP‐GlcNAc is also used for a prominent posttranslational protein modification on Ser/Thr sites by O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which is counteracted by O‐GlcNAcase (OGA) to catalyze the removal of O‐GlcNAc. GFAT indicates glutamine:fructose 6‐phosphate amidotransferase; GLUT, glucose transporter; HK, hexokinase; UDP‐GlcNAc, uridine diphosphate N‐acetylglucosamine.