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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Med Inform. 2019 Apr 13;127:27–34. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.04.009

Table 5.

Error analysis of NLP false positives and false negatives.

Type of NLP Error # of cases Description
False positive
 Non-vaccine cause 7 Allergic reaction to antibiotic, cat/puppy scratch, infection, injury
 Not local reaction 6 Lymphadenitis (chronic or near clavicle), neck pain radiated to arm, skin problem, foot cellulitis
 Non-Tdap vaccine cause 5 Pneumococcal or shingles vaccine
 Conflicting information 2 Both ‘left’ and ‘right’ arms were associated with the sign/symptom
False negative
 Missing punctuation 3 Multiple sentences were not separated which caused negation error
 Cause misclassification 3 Tdap was given due to wound which had similar signs/symptoms as Tdap-related local reaction
 Missed sign/symptom 3 Sign/symptom was documented in separate sentence apart from the body location
 Missing information 2 Tdap or sign/symptom location was not documented
 Misspelling 1 ‘site’ was misspelled as ‘sight’: “at sight of tetanus booster”
Total 32