Figure 1.

Metabolic features different between DR patients and diabetic controls. (A) Manhattan plot of the VIP and m/z of 10,306 features shows a total of 236 features were significantly different between DR patients (n = 83) and diabetic controls (n = 90) by PLS-DA using a VIP ≥ 2.0 (threshold indicated by blue dashed horizontal line). Significant metabolic features increased (red dots) or decreased (blue dots) in DR patients compared with diabetic controls are indicated. (B) One-way hierarchical clustering based on the intensity of significant metabolite features selected by PLS-DA (VIP ≥ 2.0, 236 m/z features) identified clusters of features that were increased (orange) or decreased (blue) in DR patients.