Table 2.

Pathways Altered in DR Patients Compared With Diabetic Controls

Pathway	Overlapping Features	Pathway Size	P Value
Niacin metabolism	4	5	2.3 × 10−4
Alanine and aspartate metabolism	4	6	9.1 × 10−4
Arginine and proline metabolism	6	14	1.4 × 10−3
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism	6	16	2.9 × 10−3
Pyrimidine metabolism	4	8	3.3 × 10−3
Leukotriene metabolism	4	9	5.8 × 10−3
Purine metabolism	3	8	0.029
Urea cycle/amino group metabolism	5	20	0.042
Lysine metabolism	3	10	0.047

Pathway analysis was performed using Mummichog 2.0 on the 832 features discriminating between DR patients and diabetic controls identified by PLS-DA with a VIP ≥ 1.5. Overlapping features represents the number of metabolites enriched in the pathway, while pathway size describes the total number of metabolites in each pathway.