Table 1:

Studies Examining Interactions between the Gut Microbiota and Stroke

Study	Species	Key Findings
Spychala et al 2018 ⁴	Mice	• Young microbiota improved stroke recovery when transplanted into aged mice
Singh et al 2016 ⁶	Mice	• Stroke induces gut paralysis, barrier disruption, and dysbiosis
		• Presence of a dysbiotic microbiota at time of stroke led to larger infarct and impaired recovery
		• T cells, Th cells, and monocytes migrate from Peyer’s patches to peri-infarct brain region following stroke
Benakis et al 2016 ⁷	Mice	• Microbiota contributes to activation of IL-17 producing xδ T-cells after stroke
		• Following stroke γδ T-cells migrate from gut to the brain meninges
Yamashiro et al 2017 ¹²	Human	• Stroke altered gut microbiota and decreased fecal acetic acid concentrations
Yin et al 2015 ¹³	Human	• Stroke and transient ischemic attack altered the gut microbiota, including increased abundance of pathogens and decreased beneficial commensals
Stanley et al 2018 ¹⁴	Mice	• Stroke altered the mucosa associated microbiota along the length of the intestine
Stanley et al 2016 ¹⁵	Human & Mice	• Bacteria originating from the small intestine contribute to post-stroke infection
Houlden et al 2016 ¹⁶	Mice	• Stroke induces cecal dysbiosis, reduced mucus production, and loss of goblet cells
		• Increased sympathetic activity in gut wall following stroke
Crapser et al 2016 ¹⁷	Mice	• Stroke increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation in young and aged mice
Winek et al 2016 ¹⁸	Mice	• Antibiotic treatment prior to stroke did not affect infarct volume
		• Stopping antibiotics three days prior to stroke significantly decreased survival
Singh et al 2018 ¹⁹	Mice	• GF mice have larger infarct compared to recolonized or specific pathogen free mice
		• Gut bacterial load is important in stroke outcome