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. 2019 Jul 22;10:3257. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11136-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Temperature-induced phenotypic plasticity. a Hydra polyps reared at 8 °C, 12 °C, 18 °C and 22 °C at maximum polyp size with first bud protrusion. Scale bar: 5 mm. b, c Clonal Hydra polyps reared at temperatures from 8 °C to 22 °C showed decreasing cell numbers and cell size of epithelial cells at maximum size. Boxplots show median (horizontal line), lower and upper quantile (box), lower and upper 1.5 times interquartile range (whiskers) and outliers (points). n = 16 samples/1043640 cells (8 °C), 18 samples/1376686 cells (12 °C), 18 samples/1318035 cells (18 °C), 11 samples/479968 cells (22 °C), *p ≤ 0.05, ***p ≤ 0.001 (U-test + FDR-correction). d Venn diagram showing number of differentially expressed genes comparing the different temperature treatments (8 °C vs. 12 °C, 12 °C vs. 18 °C, 18 °C vs. 22 °C). A total of 1580 genes (bold) are associated with a significant change in maximum size by temperature shift. e Heatmaps representing the relative expression level of the differentially expressed genes (rows) from the venn diagram over the different temperatures. Genes were clustered hierarchically per heatmap. Expression values were log₂-transformed and median-centered by transcript. n = 5 libraries (Wald-Test + FDR-correction)