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. 2019 Jul 22;10:3267. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11260-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Programming hydrogel behaviour inspired by associative learning. a Lipoic acid-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), photoacid, and agarose hydrogel. b Melting of the original gel upon heating above T_m. Inset: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of initially dispersed AuNPs in the gel. Right panel: UV–Vis spectra of the original gel after irradiation or heating and photographs illustrating the gel melting by cuvette inversion. c Original gel after irradiation at 635 + 455 nm. Right panel: the minor temperature increase and photograph of the gel upon irradiation. d Association of heating and irradiation. Inset: TEM image of AuNPs self-assembled in chains. Right panel: UV–Vis spectrum featuring enhanced absorbance at 635 nm and photograph of the programmed sample after re-gelation. The wavelength of 455 nm is marked as the second component of irradiation. e Melting of the conditioned gel upon irradiation at 635 + 455 nm. Right panel: temperature increase and photographs of the programmed gel upon irradiation. Scale bar for TEM images: 100 nm