Table 3.
Comparisons of single-task and dual-task gait performance in the VR training group and the combined physical and cognitive training group.
| VR group (n = 18) | CPC group (n = 16) | Between-group difference, p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | Within-group difference, p | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | Within-group difference, p | Baseline | Time × Group Interaction | |
| Single-task gait | ||||||||
| Speed (cm/s) | 82.3 ± 29.1 | 92.9 ± 28.5 | 0.016* | 89.3 ± 23.3 | 100.19 ± 25.7 | 0.047* | 0.450 | 0.971 |
| Stride length (cm/s) | 89.5 ± 24.6 | 98.6 ± 27.4 | 0.018* | 93.6 ± 23.2 | 100.6 ± 20.0 | 0.082 | 0.620 | 0.671 |
| Cadence (step/min) | 113.1 ± 18.3 | 110.3 ± 30.9 | 0.713 | 116.8 ± 10.8 | 126.4 ± 13.2 | 0.002* | 0.486 | 0.141 |
| Cognitive dual-task gait | ||||||||
| Speed (cm/s) | 68.1 ± 26.9 | 82.5 ± 30.6 | 0.003* | 72.8 ± 25.9 | 78.1 ± 33.2 | 0.247 | 0.609 | 0.159 |
| Dual-task costs: speed (%) | 15.8 ± 14.8 | 12.1 ± 12.0 | 0.231 | 19.07 ± 14.0 | 24.39 ± 28.2 | 0.469 | 0.517 | 0.235 |
| Stride length (cm/s) | 84.2 ± 25.6 | 96.2 ± 30.9 | 0.001* | 80.7 ± 31.4 | 90.3 ± 22.5 | 0.221 | 0.718 | 0.761 |
| Dual-task costs: stride length (%) | 5.1 ± 12.5 | 3.2 ± 9.7 | 0.444 | 4.6 ± 19.3 | 10.5 ± 13.1 | 0.309 | 0.918 | 0.192 |
| Cadence (step/min) | 99.1 ± 16.4 | 103.1 ± 31.7 | 0.603 | 104.5 ± 17.3 | 109.9 ± 22.1 | 0.188 | 0.363 | 0.876 |
| Dual-task costs: cadence (%) | 0.11 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.024* | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.13 ± 0.12 | 0.284 | 0.717 | 0.018* |
| Motor dual-task gait | ||||||||
| Speed (cm/s) | 79.9 ± 29.9 | 92.3 ± 32.8 | 0.002* | 86.5 ± 25.0 | 96.1 ± 27.3 | 0.008* | 0.498 | 0.562 |
| Dual-task costs: speed (%) | 3.2 ± 8.1 | 1.8 ± 8.7 | 0.536 | 2.65 ± 17.0 | 4.13 ± 12.9 | 0.770 | 0.896 | 0.582 |
| Stride length (cm/s) | 86.5 ± 26.5 | 95.8 ± 29.6 | 0.003* | 91.8 ± 20.7 | 96.7 ± 22.4 | 0.014* | 0.520 | 0.183 |
| Dual-task costs: stride length (%) | 3.8 ± 8.8 | 3.5 ± 6.8 | 0.925 | 1.3 ± 13.6 | 4.2 ± 8.3 | 0.296 | 0.353 | 0.334 |
| Cadence (step/min) | 113.4 ± 16.0 | 112.1 ± 32.0 | 0.820 | 115.1 ± 15.1 | 125.0 ± 15.1 | 0.027* | 0.799 | 0.170 |
| Dual-task costs: cadence (%) | -0.01 ± 0.06 | -0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.812 | 0.01 ± 0.06 | 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.813 | 0.237 | 0.960 |
Dual task costs [%] = 100 * (single-task gait parameters − dual-task gait parameters)/single-task gait parameters. The data are presented as the means ± SDs. *Significance level <0.05.