Table 1.
Summary of studies that reported on the prevalence of HTN in children with NS.
| Nephrotic syndrome | HTN prevalence/ other factors | Definition of HTN | Study (references) year of publication |
|---|---|---|---|
| MCD (Nill disease) FSGS (focal glomerular obsolescence) |
12.8% 13.4% |
DBP > 98th %tile | ISKDC (6, 7) 1981 |
| SRNS, congenital NS | 10.2% in infants 27.9% in adolescents |
ND | PodoNet (8) 2015 |
| FSGS (SSNS) FSGS (SRNS) |
14.3% 66.7% |
ND | Shatat et al. (9) 2007 |
| SSNS | 23.4% in remission | SBP and/or DBP ≥ 95th %tile for gender, age, and height on ≥ 3 occasions | Keshri et al. (10) 2018 |
| MCD | 95% in relapse/edema 19% in remission |
BP > 95th %tile for age | Küster et al. (11) 1990 |
| SSNS | 65% active phase 34% remission |
BP > 90th %tile for age | Kontchou et al. (12) 2009 |
| Glomerulonephritis/FSGS with GFR ≤ 75 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 17.5% | SBP or DBP ≥95th %tile for gender, age, and height | Mitsnefes et al. (13) 2003 |
| FSGS with GFR > 40 ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 56.9% cyclosporine arm 59.1% MMF/Dex arm |
History of HTN, or BP > 95th %tile for gender age, and height or >140/95 for adults | FSGS-CT (14) 2013 |
| Nephrotic proteinuria Sub-nephrotic proteinuria |
17% 60% |
SBP ≥ 95th %tile for gender, age, and height | CKiDS (15) 2008 |
| Nephrotic proteinuria Sub-nephrotic proteinuria |
23% 54% |
DBP ≥ 95th %tile for gender, age, and height | CKiDS (15) 2008 |
| MCD FSGS |
41% 46.9% |
SBP or DBP ≥ 95th %tile for gender, age, and height | NEPTUNE (16) 2017 |
| SSNS SDNS SRNS |
7% 19.7% 12.6% |
ND | Gabban et al. (17) 2010 |
| SRNS | 31.9% | Need for anti-HTN medication | Inaba et al. (18) 2016 |
MCD, minimal change disease; FSGS, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; NS, nephrotic syndrome; SSNS, steroid sensitive NS; SRNS, steroid resistant NS; SDNS, steroid dependent NS; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic BP; %-tile, percentile; HTN, hypertension; ND, not defined.