Table 1.

Preclinical in vitro studies using Graphene (Gr) substrates.

Type of nanocarbon	Substrate coating	Culture system	Days in culture	Dendritic arbor on Gr	Synaptic properties	Reference
CVD Gr substrate	None	Rat hippocampal neurons	12–18	Slight increase	Synaptic strength increased	Kitko et al. (2018)
CVD Gr substrate	None	Rat hippocampal neurons	8–10	n/a	Synaptic strength increased	Pampaloni et al. (2018)
CVD Gr substrate	None	Mouse hippocampal neurons	5	Neurite length increased	n/a	Veliev et al. (2016)
CVD Gr substrate	PLL	Mouse hippocampal neurons	5	Neurite length increased	n/a	Veliev et al. (2016)
Gr on SiC substrate	None	Rat dorsal root ganglion neurons	2	Neurite length unchanged	n/a	Convertino et al. (2018)
CVD Gr substrate	None	Retinal ganglion cells	7	Unchanged number of neurite intersections	n/a	Fischer et al. (2018)
CVD Gr substrate	None	Rat hippocampal neurons	9	Neurite formation unchanged	n/a	Rastogi et al. (2017)
CVD Gr on sapphire substrate	None	Retinal ganglion cells	6	Neurite length unchanged	n/a	Bendali et al. (2013)
CVD Gr on sapphire substrate	Poly-D-lysine and laminin	Retinal ganglion cells	6	Neurite length increased	n/a	Bendali et al. (2013)
CVD Gr on tissue culture polystyrene	Poly-l-lysine	Mouse hippocampal neurons	2–7	Neuron length increased	n/a	Li et al. (2011)
CVD Gr on tissue culture polystyrene	Laminin	Neural stem cells	14	Neurite number unchanged	Increased spontaneous firing activity	Tang et al. (2013)
CVD Gr on tissue culture polystyrene	Poly-lysine	Rat hippocampal neurons	7–21	Increased dendritic complexity	Increased synaptic density, increased spontaneous firing activity	He et al. (2016)

All substrates are on glass unless otherwise noted.