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. 2019 Jul 16;10:1638. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01638

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Copyright © 2019 Hid Cadena, Reitsema, Huitema, van Sleen, van der Geest, Heeringa, Boots, Abdulahad and Brouwer.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Increase in VISTA+, PD-1+, and PD-L1+ cells in temporal artery biopsies of GCA patients. (A) Immunohistochemical staining for VISTA, PD-1, and PD-L1 in non-GCA temporal artery biopsies (TABs) and (B) in representative TABs diagnostic of GCA. (C–E) Semi-quantitative mean scores of VISTA+, PD-1+, and PD-L1+ cells in inflammatory areas of GCA TABs (n = 5) and non-GCA TABs (n = 5). Scores are given for the adventitia (Adv), media (Med, infiltrating cells only), and intima (Int). Data are presented as scatter plots. The horizontal red lines represent the median.