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. 2019 Jul 22;9:10600. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47078-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of droplet generation within the air-dried and water-treated microfluidic structures: (a) Experimental setup consisting of a flow focusing structure coupled with two balloon-based pressure pumps to drive red-stained water and mineral oil. (b) Generation of water droplets in oil within the air-dried channel during tapering, pinch-off, and release steps. (c) Asynchronous generation of oil droplets in water within the water-treated channel during tapering, asynchronous advancement, pinch-off, and release steps.