Table 3.
List of experiments where PM exposure was performed in mice and rats, with methods and characteristics of each procedure. The dataset includes 30 articles published in 2017 and 45 articles published in previous years.
| Exposure method | PM size | Animal model | Equivalent atmospheric concentration (μg/m3) | Time of one exposure event (h) | Number of exposure events | Total exposure time (h) | Inhaled dose per event (μg/kg Bw) | PM inhalation rate (μg/kg Bw/h) | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EAP inhalation | PM2.5 | Mouse | 18.1 | 2880 | 1 | 2880 | 12619.2 | 4.4 | [37] |
| PM10 | Rat | 22.0 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 5.0 | 0.8 | [40] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 33.9 | 24 | 60 | 1440 | 58.9 | 2.5 | [38] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 34.0 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 7.7 | 1.3 | [40] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 48.9 | 24 | 120 | 2880 | 85.0 | 3.5 | [39] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 99.2 | 5 | 4 | 20 | 18.7 | 3.7 | [40] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 112.4 | 20 | 1 | 20 | 85.0 | 4.2 | [40] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 138.6 | 20 | 1 | 20 | 104.8 | 5.2 | [40] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 224.7 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 51.0 | 8.5 | [40] | |
| CAP inhalation | PM1 | Mouse | 50.0 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 31.9 | 15.9 | [28] |
| PM1 | Rat | 57.0 | 6 | 3 | 18 | 47.6 | 7.9 | [33] | |
| PM1 | Rat | 90.0 | 6 | 3 | 18 | 75.1 | 12.5 | [33] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 60.9 | 6 | 80 | 480 | 88.7 | 14.8 | [12] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 101.5 | 6 | 120 | 720 | 147.8 | 24.6 | [21] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 113.4 | 6 | 17 | 102 | 165.2 | 27.5 | [16] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 126.1 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 71.5 | 14.3 | [15] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 126.1 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 71.5 | 14.3 | [30] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 163.8 | 6 | 17 | 102 | 238.6 | 39.8 | [16] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 170.7 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 96.8 | 19.4 | [15] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 170.7 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 96.8 | 19.4 | [30] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 187.1 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 106.1 | 21.2 | [15] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 187.1 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 106.1 | 21.2 | [30] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 200.0 | 3 | 30 | 90 | 68.0 | 22.7 | [24] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 200.0 | 3 | 30 | 90 | 68.0 | 22.7 | [13] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 203.0 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 49.3 | 49.3 | [17] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 203.3 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 49.3 | 49.3 | [17] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 262.2 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 148.7 | 29.7 | [22] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 267.3 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 151.6 | 30.3 | [15] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 267.3 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 151.6 | 30.3 | [30] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 300.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 34.0 | 34.0 | [25] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 300.0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 102.1 | 34.0 | [25] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 300.0 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 170.1 | 34.0 | [25] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 300.7 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 170.5 | 34.1 | [15] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 300.7 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 170.5 | 34.1 | [30] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 400.0 | 6 | 3 | 18 | 272.2 | 45.4 | [19] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 481.0 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 272.7 | 54.5 | [15] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 481.0 | 5 | 3 | 15 | 272.7 | 54.5 | [30] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 595.0 | 2 | 28 | 56 | 134.9 | 67.5 | [18] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 600.0 | 1 | 12 | 12 | 145.7 | 145.7 | [32] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 600.0 | 1 | 21 | 21 | 145.7 | 145.7 | [20] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 600.0 | 1 | 12 | 12 | 145.7 | 145.7 | [31] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 700.0 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 396.9 | 79.4 | [36] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 770.0 | 1 | 90 | 90 | 186.9 | 186.9 | [23] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 950.0 | 6 | 15 | 90 | 1383.7 | 230.6 | [27] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 950.0 | 6 | 65 | 390 | 1383.7 | 230.6 | [27] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 1000.0 | 3 | 30 | 90 | 340.2 | 113.4 | [24] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 1000.0 | 3 | 30 | 90 | 340.2 | 113.4 | [13] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 1228.0 | 5 | 10 | 50 | 696.3 | 139.3 | [29] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 2000.0 | 3 | 30 | 90 | 680.4 | 226.8 | [13] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 3000.0 | 3 | 30 | 90 | 1020.6 | 340.2 | [24] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 12000.0 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 8164.8 | 1360.8 | [35] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 20000.0 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 9710.1 | 4855.0 | [34] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 30000.0 | 2 | 8 | 16 | 14565.1 | 7282.6 | [34] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 100.0 | 6 | 20 | 120 | 22.7 | 3.8 | [26] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 1000.0 | 6 | 20 | 120 | 226.8 | 37.8 | [26] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 10000.0 | 6 | 20 | 120 | 2268.0 | 378.0 | [26] | |
| Intranasal instillation | PM2.5 | Mouse | 700.3 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 170.0 | 170.0 | [49] |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 700.3 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 170.0 | 170.0 | [48] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 823.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 200.0 | 200.0 | [52] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 823.9 | 1 | 84 | 84 | 200.0 | 200.0 | [42] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 2471.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 600.0 | 600.0 | [52] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 4119.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | [51] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 4119.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | [47] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 4119.4 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 1000.0 | 1000.0 | [55] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 4943.3 | 1 | 21 | 21 | 1200.0 | 1200.0 | [53] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 4943.3 | 1 | 42 | 42 | 1200.0 | 1200.0 | [53] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 13841.3 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 3360.0 | 3360.0 | [34] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 20762.0 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 5040.0 | 5040.0 | [34] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 17636.7 | 1 | 14 | 14 | 2000.0 | 2000.0 | [46] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 24716.6 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 6000.0 | 6000.0 | [41] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 41194.4 | 1 | 28 | 28 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [55] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 164777.4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 40000.0 | 40000.0 | [43] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 164777.4 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 40000.0 | 40000.0 | [54] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 176366.8 | 1 | 14 | 14 | 20000.0 | 20000.0 | [46] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 55.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | [50] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 552.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 40.0 | 40.0 | [50] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 5520.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 400.0 | 400.0 | [50] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 55200.4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4000.0 | 4000.0 | [44] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 55200.4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4000.0 | 4000.0 | [45] | |
| Intratracheal instillation | PM1 | Mouse | 690.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 220.0 | 220.0 | [81] |
| PM1 | Mouse | 1254.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 400.0 | 400.0 | [81] | |
| PM1 | Mouse | 1380.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 440.0 | 440.0 | [81] | |
| PM1 | Mouse | 1505.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 480.0 | 480.0 | [81] | |
| PM1 | Mouse | 1568.2 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 500.0 | 500.0 | [73] | |
| PM1 | Mouse | 2509.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 800.0 | 800.0 | [81] | |
| PM1 | Mouse | 3010.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 960.0 | 960.0 | [81] | |
| PM1 | Mouse | 4390.9 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1400.0 | 1400.0 | [66] | |
| PM1 | Mouse | 12545.6 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4000.0 | 4000.0 | [66] | |
| PM1 | Mouse | 31363.9 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [66] | |
| PM1 | Rat | 35944.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5000.0 | 5000.0 | [86] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 278.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 31.6 | 31.6 | [59] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 705.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 80.0 | 80.0 | [68] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 1763.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 200.0 | 200.0 | [59] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 1763.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 200.0 | 200.0 | [59] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 1763.7 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 200.0 | 200.0 | [71] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 1763.7 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 200.0 | 200.0 | [79] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 2645.5 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 300.0 | 300.0 | [71] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 2645.5 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 300.0 | 300.0 | [79] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 3295.5 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 800.0 | 800.0 | [67] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 3295.5 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 800.0 | 800.0 | [69] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 3527.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 400.0 | 400.0 | [59] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 3527.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 400.0 | 400.0 | [60] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 3880.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 440.0 | 440.0 | [35] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 5291.0 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 600.0 | 600.0 | [71] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 5291.0 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 600.0 | 600.0 | [79] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 5767.2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1400.0 | 1400.0 | [66] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 8218.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 932.0 | 932.0 | [59] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 8849.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1003.6 | 1003.6 | [59] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 9982.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1132.0 | 1132.0 | [59] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 10298.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2500.0 | 2500.0 | [65] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 12358.3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3000.0 | 3000.0 | [76] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 13227.5 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 1500.0 | 1500.0 | [71] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 13227.5 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 1500.0 | 1500.0 | [79] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 13227.5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1500.0 | 1500.0 | [84] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 15873.0 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 1800.0 | 1800.0 | [85] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 16477.7 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4000.0 | 4000.0 | [64] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 16477.7 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4000.0 | 4000.0 | [66] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 16477.7 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4000.0 | 4000.0 | [78] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 17636.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2000.0 | 2000.0 | [80] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 23809.5 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 2700.0 | 2700.0 | [71] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 23809.5 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 2700.0 | 2700.0 | [79] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 26455.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3000.0 | 3000.0 | [36] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 27023.5 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 6560.0 | 6560.0 | [67] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 32955.5 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 8000.0 | 8000.0 | [75] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 32955.5 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 8000.0 | 8000.0 | [2] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 32955.5 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 8000.0 | 8000.0 | [74] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 41194.4 | 1 | 11 | 11 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [61] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 41194.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [62] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 41194.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [65] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 41194.4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [66] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 41194.4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [76] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 47619.0 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 5400.0 | 5400.0 | [85] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 61791.5 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 15000.0 | 15000.0 | [70] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 79365.1 | 1 | 49 | 49 | 9000.0 | 9000.0 | [83] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 82388.7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 20000.0 | 20000.0 | [65] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 88183.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [57] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 88183.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [77] | |
| PM2.5 | Mouse | 123583.1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 30000.0 | 30000.0 | [76] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 132275.1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 15000.0 | 15000.0 | [72] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 142857.1 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 16200.0 | 16200.0 | [85] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 176366.8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 20000.0 | 20000.0 | [77] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 211640.2 | 1 | 49 | 49 | 24000.0 | 24000.0 | [83] | |
| PM2.5 | Rat | 220458.6 | 1 | 12 | 12 | 25000.0 | 25000.0 | [82] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 5291.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 200.0 | 200.0 | [26] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 13227.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 500.0 | 500.0 | [56] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 19320.2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1400.0 | 1400.0 | [66] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 21164.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 800.0 | 800.0 | [26] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 55200.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4000.0 | 4000.0 | [58] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 55200.4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4000.0 | 4000.0 | [66] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 66137.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2500.0 | 2500.0 | [56] | |
| PM10 | Rat | 79365.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3000.0 | 3000.0 | [26] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 110400.9 | 1 | 1 | 8000.0 | 8000.0 | [63] | ||
| PM10 | Rat | 132275.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5000.0 | 5000.0 | [56] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 138001.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [62] | |
| PM10 | Mouse | 138001.1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 10000.0 | 10000.0 | [66] |
EAP: environmental air PM, CAP: concentrated air PM.