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. 2019 Jul 18;14:5449–5475. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S213883

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© 2019 Jee et al.

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

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Characterization of LMWP-EGF, LMWP-IGF-I, LMWP-PDGF-A, and LMWP-bFGF. (A) Molecular weights of LMWP-EGF, LMWP-IGF-I, LMWP-PDGF-A, and LMWP-bFGF determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. (B) Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of full-thickness human skin after 12 h treatment with 0.1% (w/w) Carbopol hydrogel containing fluorescent dye (Alexa Fluor 647) conjugated to either native GFs or LMWP-GFs: EGF and LMWP-EGF; IGF-I and LMWP-IGF-I; PDGF-A and LMWP-PDGF-A; bFGF and LMWP-bFGF.

Notes: The scale bars in the upper (20×) and lower (40×) images equal 50 and 20 µm, respectively.

Abbreviations: LMWP, low-molecular-weight protamine; GFs, growth factors; LMWP-GFs, LMWP-fused GFs; EGF, epidermal growth factor; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I; PDGF-A, platelet-derived growth factor-A; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; LMWP-EGF, LMWP-fused EGF; LMWP-IGF-I, LMWP-fused IGF-I; LMWP-PDGF-A, LMWP-fused PDGF-A; LMWP-bFGF, LMWP-fused bFGF.