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. 2019 Jul 18;14:5449–5475. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S213883

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© 2019 Jee et al.

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In vitro penetration of LMWP-GFs, QCN, and oxygen through human epidermis. Time-course showing cumulative penetration of (A) EGF and LMWP-EGF; (B) IGF-I and LMWP-IGF-I; (C) PDGF-A and LMWP-PDGF-A; (D) bFGF and LMWP-bFGF through human epidermis after incubation with each native GF or LMWP-GF in 0.1% (w/w) Carbopol hydrogel. ***P<0.001 compared to each native GF. (E) Time-course showing cumulative penetration of QCN through human epidermis after incubation with QCN dispersed in 0.3% (w/v) NaCMC or QCN-NE dispersed in 0.1% (w/w) Carbopol hydrogel. ***P<0.001 compared to QCN in 0.3% (w/v) NaCMC. (F) Time-course showing oxygen penetration though human epidermis (1 atm, 32°C) after treatment with PFOB-NE dispersed in 0.1% (w/w) Carbopol hydrogel (blank control) or OXY-PFOB-NE dispersed in 0.1% (w/w) Carbopol hydrogel.

Notes: All data are expressed as means ± standard deviation (n=6).

Abbreviations: LMWP, low-molecular-weight protamine; GFs, growth factors; LMWP-GFs, LMWP-fused GFs; EGF, epidermal growth factor; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I; PDGF-A, platelet-derived growth factor-A; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; LMWP-EGF, LMWP-fused EGF; LMWP-IGF-I, LMWP-fused IGF-I; LMWP-PDGF-A, LMWP-fused PDGF-A; LMWP-bFGF, LMWP-fused bFGF; QCN, quercetin; NE, nanoemulsion; QCN-NE, QCN-loaded NE; NaCMC, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; PFOB, 1-bromoperfluorooctane; OXY-PFOB-NE, oxygen-carrying PFOB-loaded NE.