Table 1.
Age-standardized participant characteristics at baseline according to quintiles of total n-6 PUFA intake
| NHS, 1980 |
NHSII, 1991 |
HPFS, 1986 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 16,729) | Q3 (n = 16,730) | Q5 (n = 16,729) | Q1 (n = 17,722) | Q3 (n = 17,724) | Q5 (n = 17,722) | Q1 (n = 8,354) | Q3 (n = 8,355) | Q5 (n = 8,354) | |
| n-6 PUFAs, % energy | 2.55 ± 0.42 | 4.17 ± 0.20 | 6.70 ± 1.25 | 3.31 ± 0.42 | 4.76 ± 0.18 | 6.91 ± 1.13 | 3.42 ± 0.49 | 5.14 ± 0.20 | 7.65 ± 1.34 |
| Age, years | 47.6 ± 7.1 | 45.8 ± 7.2 | 45.0 ± 7.1 | 35.7 ± 4.7 | 36.1 ± 4.6 | 36.6 ± 4.6 | 54.6 ± 9.7 | 52.7 ± 9.5 | 52.6 ± 9.2 |
| Caucasian race | 97 | 97 | 98 | 94 | 96 | 97 | 94 | 95 | 96 |
| Alcohol intake, g/day | 9.4 ± 14.1 | 5.9 ± 9.5 | 4.7 ± 7.9 | 3.7 ± 7.9 | 3.1 ± 5.7 | 2.7 ± 5.0 | 15.3 ± 20.1 | 11.1 ± 14.2 | 8.4 ± 11.7 |
| Current smoking | 32 | 27 | 28 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 |
| Physical activity, MET h/week | 15.9 ± 23.6 | 14.0 ± 18.4 | 12.6 ± 18.5 | 25.0 ± 32.0 | 20.5 ± 26.3 | 18.2 ± 24.0 | 23.7 ± 32.0 | 21.1 ± 29.3 | 19.5 ± 26.6 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 4.2 | 24.4 ± 4.3 | 24.3 ± 4.6 | 24.0 ± 4.9 | 24.5 ± 5.2 | 24.9 ± 5.6 | 24.8 ± 4.8 | 25.0 ± 4.9 | 24.9 ± 4.8 |
| Family history of diabetes | 24 | 25 | 25 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 18 |
| Multivitamin use | 36 | 34 | 32 | 48 | 44 | 40 | 43 | 42 | 41 |
| Any use of hormone after menopause | 15 | 15 | 15 | 3 | 3 | 3 | – | – | – |
| Current use of oral contraceptives | – | – | – | 11 | 10 | 11 | – | – | – |
| Hypertension | 17 | 15 | 14 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 20 | 19 | 18 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 5 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 10 | 10 | 11 |
| Total energy, kcal | 1,535 ± 499 | 1,590 ± 489 | 1,559 ± 514 | 1,758 ± 540 | 1,802 ± 555 | 1,779 ± 549 | 1,955 ± 619 | 2,011 ± 614 | 2,032 ± 643 |
| Total fats, % energy | 34.3 ± 8.9 | 38.7 ± 7.0 | 43.2 ± 6.7 | 25.4 ± 5.2 | 30.4 ± 4.4 | 35.2 ± 4.8 | 25.3 ± 6.3 | 30.6 ± 4.7 | 35.6 ± 5.1 |
| PUFAs, % energy | 3.06 ± 0.46 | 4.72 ± 0.23 | 7.31 ± 1.27 | 3.80 ± 0.47 | 5.34 ± 0.23 | 7.68 ± 1.26 | 4.34 ± 1.01 | 5.77 ± 0.74 | 7.94 ± 1.44 |
| n-3 PUFAs, % energy | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 0.56 ± 0.09 | 0.61 ± 0.13 | 0.48 ± 0.15 | 0.58 ± 0.13 | 0.77 ± 0.22 | 0.52 ± 0.19 | 0.63 ± 0.16 | 0.79 ± 0.25 |
| LA, % energy | 2.46 ± 0.42 | 4.08 ± 0.20 | 6.61 ± 1.25 | 3.24 ± 0.42 | 4.68 ± 0.18 | 6.83 ± 1.13 | 3.35 ± 0.49 | 5.05 ± 0.21 | 7.57 ± 1.34 |
| AA, mg/day | 136 ± 60 | 154 ± 64 | 153 ± 70 | 148 ± 780 | 163 ± 78 | 162 ± 81 | 156 ± 74 | 177 ± 76 | 178 ± 83 |
| Trans fats, % energy | 1.62 ± 0.47 | 2.22 ± 0.54 | 2.87 ± 0.85 | 1.31 ± 0.50 | 1.67 ± 0.57 | 1.89 ± 0.65 | 1.02 ± 0.45 | 1.31 ± 0.48 | 1.42 ± 0.54 |
| SFAs, % energy | 15.4 ± 4.3 | 15.7 ± 3.4 | 15.5 ± 3.2 | 10.3 ± 2.7 | 11.3 ± 2.3 | 11.9 ± 2.2 | 10.2 ± 3.4 | 11.2 ± 2.6 | 11.5 ± 2.4 |
| Cis-MUFAs, % energy | 14.2 ± 4.3 | 16.1 ± 3.5 | 17.5 ± 3.3 | 10.0 ± 2.3 | 12.1 ± 2.0 | 13.7 ± 2.2 | 10.1 ± 2.7 | 12.3 ± 2.1 | 14.3 ± 2.5 |
| Protein, % energy | 19.9 ± 4.5 | 19.2 ± 3.7 | 18.0 ± 3.5 | 19.5 ± 4.0 | 19.5 ± 3.3 | 18.7 ± 3.3 | 18.5 ± 3.7 | 18.6 ± 3.3 | 18.1 ± 3.2 |
| Carbohydrates, % energy | 39.8 ± 10.8 | 38.8 ± 8.7 | 38.3 ± 8.5 | 54.1 ± 8.3 | 49.6 ± 6.7 | 46.2 ± 6.6 | 50.3 ± 10.2 | 46.6 ± 7.5 | 43.9 ± 7.5 |
| Fruits and vegetables, servings/day | 4.63 ± 2.44 | 4.03 ± 1.90 | 3.39 ± 1.69 | 4.71 ± 3.16 | 4.32 ± 2.55 | 4.06 ± 2.41 | 5.99 ± 3.29 | 5.34 ± 2.63 | 4.97 ± 2.44 |
| Cereal fiber, g/day | 2.11 ± 1.51 | 2.50 ± 1.47 | 2.74 ± 1.53 | 5.53 ± 3.50 | 5.66 ± 2.95 | 5.62 ± 2.94 | 5.97 ± 4.16 | 5.80 ± 3.65 | 5.68 ± 3.82 |
Data are mean (SD) or percentage and are standardized to the age distribution of the study population.