Table 4.
Cox proportional hazard models for all-cause mortality and loss to follow-up (n = 170,017a)
| Characteristics | Proportion with outcome [Death] | Crude HR and 95% CI | Adjusted HR and 95% CI | Proportion with outcome [LTFU] | Crude HR and 95% CI | Adjusted HR and 95% CI | Adjusted sub-HRb and 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at start of treatment (years) | <10 (children) | 209 (1.20%) | 0.20 (0.18–0.23) | 0.23 (0.20–0.26) | 631 (3.63%) | 0.59 (0.54–0.64) | 0.62 (0.56–0.68) | 0.64 (0.58–0.70) |
| 10–14 (young adolescents) | 52 (2.72%) | 0.45 (0.34–0.59) | 0.48 (0.37–0.63) | 60 (3.14%) | 0.49 (0.38–0.63) | 0.53 (0.41–0.68) | 0.54 (0.42–0.69) | |
| 15–19 (older adolescents) | 109 (2.96%) | 0.50 (0.41–0.60) | 0.62 (0.51–0.75) | 224 (6.09%) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 1.05 (0.92–1.21) | 1.07 (0.93–1.22) | |
| 20–24 (young adults) | 389 (3.62%) | 0.62 (0.56–0.68) | 0.71 (0.64–0.78) | 890 (8.29%) | 1.35 (1.26–1.45) | 1.43 (1.33–1.54) | 1.44 (1.34–1.55) | |
| 25–49 (adults) | 6713 (5.88%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 7046 (6.17%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| ≥50 (older adults) | 2437 (11.00%) | 1.92 (1.84–2.02) | 2.13 (2.03–2.23) | 1150 (5.19%) | 0.87 (0.82–0.92) | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) | 0.82 (0.77–0.87) | |
| Registration year | 2010 | 1846 (6.26%) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 1844 (6.25%) | 1.12 (1.04–1.19) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) |
| 2011 | 1832 (6.17%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1660 (5.59%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 2012 | 1602 (5.57%) | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) | 1670 (5.81%) | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | |
| 2013 | 1644 (5.71%) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 1730 (6.01%) | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 1.18 (1.10–1.30) | 1.18 (1.10–1.27) | |
| 2014 | 1540 (5.57%) | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 1595 (5.77%) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.21 (1.12–1.30) | 1.20 (1.11–1.30) | |
| 2015 | 1445 (5.63%) | 0.93 (0.86–0.99) | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 1502 (5.86%) | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) | 1.24 (1.13–1.35) | 1.23 (1.12–1.34) | |
| Sex | Female | 4503 (5.89%) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 3894 (5.10%) | 0.77 (0.74–0.81) | 0.77 (0.74–0.81) | 0.77 (0.74–0.80) |
| Male | 5406 (5.77%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 6107 (6.52%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Case definitionc | Bacteriologically confirmed | 6556 (5.57%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 7130 (6.06%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Clinically diagnosed | 1704 (6.19%) | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) | 1.36 (1.28–1.43) | 1508 (5.47%) | 0.88 (0.84–0.93) | 1.02 (0.97–1.09) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | |
| Missing/unknown | 1649 (6.64%) | 1.17 (1.11–1.24) | 1.52 (1.44–1.61) | 1363 (5.49%) | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | |
| Patient category | New Patient | 9118 (5.68%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9022 (5.62%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Previously treated | 513 (7.69%) | 1.30 (1.19–1.42) | 1.23 (1.13–1.35) | 701 (10.51%) | 1.75 (1.62–1.89) | 1.74 (1.61–1.88) | 1.74 (1.61–1.88) | |
| Unknown TB treatment history | 278 (9.80%) | 1.64 (1.46–1.85) | 1.42 (1.26–1.60) | 278 (9.80%) | 1.62 (1.44–1.83) | 1.64 (1.45–1.85) | 1.62 (1.44–1.83) | |
| Classification of Disease | Pulmonary TB | 7585 (5.31%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 8215 (5.75%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| EPTB | 2324 (8.55%) | 1.51 (1.44–1.58) | 1.22 (1.16–1.28) | 1786 (6.57%) | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | |
| HIV status | Positive on ART | 4056 (6.07%) | 2.03 (1.90–2.17) | 1.67 (1.58–1.78) | 3435 (5.14%) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) |
| Positive not on ART | 2267 (8.35%) | 2.88 (2.68–3.09) | 2.51 (2.33–2.70) | 2416 (7.90%) | 1.59 (1.50–1.69) | 1.57 (1.47–1.68) | 1.52 (1.42–1.62) | |
| Positive ART status unknown | 1243 (7.98%) | 2.70 (2.50–2.93) | 2.40 (2.21–2.61) | 951 (6.10%) | 1.21 (1.12–1.30) | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | |
| Negative | 1155 (2.99%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1971 (5.09%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| HIV status unknown | 1188 (5.47%) | 1.86 (1.72–2.02) | 1.77 (1.62–1.92) | 1498 (6.90%) | 1.37 (1.28–1.47) | 1.43 (1.33–1.53) | 1.40 (1.31–1.51) | |
| Treatment supervision (Intensive Phase) | Yes | 1514 (5.65%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1509 (5.63%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 7103 (5.92%) | 1.06 (1.01–1.13) | 0.78 (0.74–0.83) | 7084 (5.91%) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | 0.79 (0.74–0.83) | 0.80 (0.75–0.84) | |
| Missing | 1292 (5.55%) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 6.24 (4.91–7.92) | 1408 (6.04%) | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 10.74 (8.00–14.40) | 10.40 (7.75–13.95) | |
| Treatment supervision (Continuation Phase) | Yes | 76 (1.04%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 48 (0.66%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 8541 (6.13%) | 6.41 (5.11–8.03) | 7.81 (6.20–9.84) | 8545 (6.13%) | 10.36 (7.78–13.73) | 12.56 (9.42–14.40) | 12.03 (9.02–16.04) | |
| Missing | 1292 (5.55%) | 5.83 (4.62–7.34) | (omitted) | 1408 (6.04%) | 10.26 (7.69–13.68) | (omitted) | (omitted) | |
| Overall | 9909 (5.83%) | – | – | 10001 (5.88%) | – | – | ||
EPTB extra-pulmonary tuberculosis
aSample excludes patients still on treatment at ≥10 months and patients with no available outcome (i.e. outcome not assigned)
bSub-distribution hazard ratios from competing risk regression model proposed by Fine and Gray where death is considered a competing risk
cBacteriologically confirmed includes Xpert MTB/RIF, smear, or culture (and if aspiration/biopsy or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was listed, although the corresponding laboratory method was unknown). Clinically diagnosed includes X-ray and tuberculin skin test